Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from fruit juice due to fermentation. It does not include other drinks made from fruits or berries. The wines differ in color, flavor, strength and characteristics.
Experts note that a suitable wine grape has a specific structure - clusters and berries are small, and the juice content in the berry is about 80%. Grapes should have a pronounced tart flavor, and the aroma should be saturated.
Wine grape varieties for central Russia
Wine varieties distinguish between early and mid-season, with high or low acidity and sugar content. Bunches are dense or sparse. Fruits come in different shapes, textures, juiciness, color, smell, taste, benefits, have different properties of pulp and peel. Saplings of wine grape varieties are planted in open ground, usually in early autumn or early spring. Most often, gardeners begin to plant sprouts around the beginning of September, which allows seedlings to take root better. Next, we consider which wine grapes are considered the best.
Grape classification
Grapes are classified by purpose:
- Industrial grape varieties exist to create wines and juices. They are distinguished by a mediocre aftertaste, and also in these varieties there are small berries, quite juicy, clusters are dense, and there is little pulp.
- Table grape varieties. Cultivated for eating unchanged. They have a good taste, pulp saturated with juice.
- Universal species are also suitable for eating and for creating wine.
- Quiche types are used to produce raisins, which are used to add to confectionery products.
Early grape varieties
What are the best wine grape varieties? The most famous are the Pearls of Szabo. Fruits appear 80 days after the opening of the kidneys. Gentle musky taste and high productivity still belong to characteristic features. Only one drawback is the small berries, which is why Pearls of Szabo lose a little in comparison with other species ripening quite early.
Apart from the Pearls of Szabo, under the concept of early varieties fall Ekar-35, ripening on the 88th day, Halahard - on the 89th day, and Serafimovsky - on the 89th day. At the same time, specialists are working on breeding the most hasting species. The issue of obtaining a species that is immune to cold also remains an acute issue. Also in the middle lane, an early wine variety of the Don Don agate is grown, ripens well under less favorable conditions and gives a large bunch consisting of rather big round berries of dark color. Arkady is considered an early species - a variety with a small size of bushes that gives a good harvest. Bunches are distinguished by size and density, and berries are white.
Non-covering varieties
Grapes - the plant most susceptible to fungus, therefore, obtaining species that are immune to diseases is relevant. Non-covering wine grape varieties are of the type of vines that, as a result of crosses, become resistant to parasites and cold climates. It was impossible to grow grapes in the north a certain time ago, because the plant could not stand the conditions of a cold climate. Now this problem is irrelevant, long work on crossing different plant species has made it possible to obtain frost-resistant species. There are more than 10 such options; they are grown in areas with less favorable climates. Consider wine grapes for the middle band.
For many years, varieties and modifications based on grapes from America Fox berry have been famous. Strawberry flavor and taste of this grape in Russia was called "Isabella". The attitude to this variety is different, but in terms of the sugar content in the fruits, these modifications exceed the covering varieties. They are also immune to the fungus, able to withstand cold to –35 ° C, stand out for high productivity and the ability to quickly recover.
At the end of the 19th century, the creation of complex interspecific Euro-American hybrids began. The main task was to give them the immunity of American grapes and preserve the rich taste. Since high cold resistance was not needed for Europe, Euro-American hybrids have worse characteristics. Only in the 50s of the twentieth century in France received the first modifications of Save Seville Villard, the most resistant to cold climates and diseases and at the same time not inferior in taste to the best European species. They have almost no special isabella taste. Currently, America and Canada are working hard with Euro-American and American hybrids, getting other versatile and strong varieties, including those where there are no seeds inside.
Amur grape is a winter-resistant likeness of wine grapes. They are similar in taste and smell. During the selection process, specialists were able to remove from the small-fruited Amur liana other non-covering and early mixed forms with large appetizing berries.
Covering varieties
Codrianka, Arcadia, Kishmish, Kesha, Moldova, Laura are considered as cover. They have a wonderful taste and look. Such varieties do not tolerate frost, for them it is necessary to build a shelter for the winter period. For reliable protection, you need the correct design of the bush.
The most famous design technique is a fanless stamp. It consists in forcing out sleeves with one fruit pair, which are very close to the soil. It is fully formed only in the 4th year of growing up. A mature bush has four sleeves and therefore has 4 fruit pairs. In certain cases, up to 6 fruit units are allowed.
The horizontal two-arm near-earth barrier has a small trunk, which makes it possible to apply this method for covering species. The main principle is 2 sleeves on a horizontal trellis, aimed in different directions. The height of the trunk above the ground is 15 cm.
Oblique screening. This design method will make it possible to simply cover the bush for the winter. There is no trunk, but only a single lying inclined sleeve with fruit links. With all the simplicity of design, there is a clear minus - if a single sleeve freezes, then you will not have to wait for some time for the crop.
White grape varieties
Some believe that white wine can be obtained exclusively from green berries, but these drinks are also made from pink and red grapes. Inside any fruit, transparent juice, it does not depend on the color of the shell of the berries. White wine is less strong than red wine and is sweet and light. A significant difference in manufacturing - only berry juice is used. Consider white grape wine varieties.
Chardonnay
Many believe that the best of the white grape varieties are grown exclusively in France. The most famous white variety is Chardonnay. But white wines from Chardonnay are currently produced in California, Australia, Italy, Argentina, Germany, South Africa, Austria, Chile and New Zealand. The drink is stored in special barrels made of oak to get a peculiar oak taste. So it is possible to get a valuable elite wine. If the drink is mass-produced, then ordinary oak barrels are used or oak chips or a special essence are added to the wine. With this production, of course, a quality product cannot be obtained.
Riesling
Wonderful wine grape variety. It is noted that the most delicious wines come from fruits grown near the Moselle in Germany. This species is found in France, Hungary, Austria, Argentina and the United States. Wines from Riesling are distinguished by the taste of pears, apples and have a floral-fruity bouquet.
Nutmeg
This wine grape variety has existed for many centuries. Nutmeg is grown on all continents. There are many different types of grapes and wines made from them. More often, such wines are weak, dry, with a low alcohol content, and there are sparkling, sugary-sweet and quite strong.
Black grape varieties
Currently, grapes with black berries, such as Black Beak or Kishmish Black Sultan, are in great demand. Admirers of dark grapes appreciate its excellent taste, delicious aroma, rare healing properties.
Today, luxurious vines with dark berries are symbols of beauty and longevity.
For a long time, Kodryanka was considered the earliest among black grape varieties. It is now used for planting a vineyard. The disadvantage of this variety is that the berry becomes shallow with poor care. Wasps can attack the crop. Despite this, he is considered one of the best early varieties.
Athos has the same berry shape; it ripens 10 days earlier and does not become shallow. The flesh of its good taste is crispy, with a pleasant combination of acid and sugar. Athos received as a result of crossing Kodryanka and the Talisman. The bunch is loose in shape, small in size. This black wine grape variety is highly resistant to disease.
Similar berries to Arcadia, only larger, are Nadezhda AZOS. Good yield and frost resistance are, of course, an advantage. Ripens a little later Kodryanka.
Also similar to Nadezhda AZOS is the Kuban variety. Kuban is distinguished by richer clusters, therefore it has a good appearance. Low resistance to diseases - it is necessary to carry out processing more often. Requires careful shelter for the winter.
Ekaro-35 is the earliest variety of aronia. Berries are small in size, weighing 3-4 g, clusters weighing 350-400 g. These parameters are offset by rapid ripening. The variety is high-yielding, ripens much faster than the onset of disease.
Odessa souvenir - a late variety with a great flavor with absolute ripening. Not the sweetest and without excessive acidity. A plus can be considered that the Odessa souvenir is immune to disease.
Medium varieties
In order to get a good grape harvest in Russia or Ukraine at least by the end of summer, for a long time it was necessary to grow exclusively early varieties. Due to climatic changes, mid-ripening varieties have begun to grow today, ripening approximately 145 days after the buds open. Medium-late varieties are also used, including the French table grapes Alfons Lavalle and the generally recognized American wine variety Isabella.
Kesha grapes, also called the Talisman, are one of the best varieties. Its variant Kesha-1 with female flowers is also widespread. This variety stands out for a good harvest, and the bushes grow high. Kesha’s clusters are strong, large, while Keshi-1’s is loose. Their fruits are juicy, large, white, oblong, the taste is pronounced.
And also a sufficient yield in the middle lane is given by:
- American Valiant. It grows high, frost-resistant, its fruits are cornflower blue in color. Sugar content in berries is about 20%. Valiant is ideal for decorating the garden, fences and gazebos.
- Augustine is an early ripe grape variety. It is distinguished by unpretentiousness and high productivity. Clusters are stored without tearing from the bushes for 20 days. Augustine's bunch grows in the form of a cone, large, consists of large oblong white berries. Berries are translucent, harmonious taste. A suitable option for decorating the garden, fences and gazebos.