Since ancient times, man enjoys all the blessings of nature, including the earth's bowels. At first, the most primitive tools were used to work with the earth: a pickaxe, a shovel, etc. With the development of progress, human needs increased, and more advanced equipment was needed. Now, drilling the deepest well to extract water and oil is not a problem. This is done using special equipment. It uses a drill. This is a device that by rotation makes a depression in the ground.
Drilling history
Any tool has a past. Drill is an ancient thing. Archaeological excavations indicate that 25 thousand years ago it was used to drill holes in various primitive devices.
The ancient Egyptians used rotational drilling to build the pyramids. In China, Confucius, known today, mentioned the drilling of wells in 600 BC. e. Their depth reached 900 m. And this, in turn, indicates a good level of development of such equipment even then. It is known that in Russia drilling began to develop in the 9th century. Basically, it was used for the extraction of salt.
Of course, the first drilling technologies were primitive and imperfect. The walls of the wells often collapsed and collapsed. To avoid this, various fasteners were laid inside: hollow tree trunks, pipes woven from bark or sheet iron, etc.
There was another significant problem - the remains of the rock during drilling had to be constantly lifted up. To do this, an earth drill was stopped and the used material was lifted. All this greatly impeded the process. But in 1846, engineer Fauvel proposed an effective solution to this problem. To do this, began to use flushing wells. From the surface of the earth, special water was pumped through special pipes carrying the rock upward. This method has become especially popular, because it ensured almost uninterrupted operation of the rig.
As for tools, the process was initially carried out with a special chisel driven by a downhole motor. In addition, the structure included pipes transporting water and rock.
The modern look of the electric drill was formed in 1938. It was created by domestic engineers Alexandrov and Ostrovsky.
Types of Boers
The tool, which has such a long history and wide scope of use, has many modifications.
Depending on the design, all drills can be divided into mechanical and electrical. In this case, the first is driven by human power, and the second needs current energy. An electric drill consists of an electric motor, auger and handle. The advantage of a mechanical tool is its complete independence from any power sources. Therefore, it is more mobile and cheaper. In addition, such a design has a homemade drill.
Depending on the structure, they distinguish:
- Drill bit.
- Drill spoon.
- Coil.
- Bailer.
Manual garden drill can also be divided into:
- Collapsible screw tool. It has the same design, but consists of individual parts. It is convenient to transport and store.
- The screw is not separable. One of the most common. Only works with fixed well depths.
- Ring non-separable drill.
Tool scope
A modern drill is a device for the destruction of various rocks during the construction of recesses of a cylindrical shape.
Drilling wells is simply necessary for the exploration and search of various minerals. Also, a drill is necessary for their direct extraction.
There are several other areas that require the use of such drilling:
- Blasting operations. With the help of a drill, holes of the required depth and diameter are made. A pre-prepared explosive and a catalyst are laid here. In order for the process to be directed, a very clear and careful calculation is needed.
- Laying various underground utilities. This is directly telephone, electricity and much more. Through the holes they are fed to almost any depth. This is especially important for the construction of the subway, the life support of mines and mines.
- Mining of solid minerals. For such cases, a special diamond drill is most often used. A hole is made with such a tool, from which the necessary breed is carefully removed.
- Drainage of wetlands. This is done through drainage. With the help of a drill, many holes are made through which the water leaves itself. This method has been used since ancient times.
- Artificial rock consolidation. This is usually done at a depth of up to 30 m. Soils are fixed by means of tampon injectors, which are installed with the help of drills.
Drilling rig classification
It is known that for more effective work it is necessary to use special tools. But in particularly complex industrial cases, whole complexes are used. Therefore, man has learned to use drill as the basis of an entire production line. At the same time, you can not only buy tools, but also build them yourself.
Depending on the type of drilling emit:
1. Percussion instruments. This, for example, is a drill bit made of particularly hard metal. Most often used for super strong breeds.
2. Rotary tools. It uses a spiral drill. This device is used for softer or loose rocks.
3. Combined drills. Combine the positive qualities of all tools.
By the nature of the destruction of rocks:
1. Continuous drilling. In this case, destruction is carried out over the entire area of the face.
2. Core drilling. It is often used in research. The breed is destroyed exclusively in the ring.
By type of working tool, drilling mechanisms are divided into:
1. Shot blasting. For this, special teeth are provided in the tool.
2. Cutting-chipping. They work on the basis of the blades.
3. Cutting and abrasive. It uses diamond and carbide parts.
By the method of influencing the breed:
1. Mechanical drill. The principle of operation uses both rotational and impact technologies. A classic example is a drill for manual posts. It is indispensable in the country and in a private residential building.
2. Non-mechanical drill. It is a hydraulic, electrophysical or thermal tool. To date, such devices are not widely used and are at the stage of development and improvement.
Drilling equipment of the USSR and Russia
A fairly large period of time in Russian history falls on the Soviet period. It was then that industry, science and agriculture received the greatest development. The legacy of these times is still used in many industries. And some samples are now the pride of domestic industry.
The history of our drilling equipment includes such installations:
1. BKM-303. This machine is used to install various supports and piles in frozen soils. The drill diameter is about 80 cm, load capacity up to 1.5 tons.
2. BM-251. This prototype was introduced in 1969. Its purpose is to prepare wells for explosions. The drilling depth of these machines is 2.5 m. The device consists of 2 working bodies with a diameter of 1.1 m.
3. Attached drilling equipment. This mobile unit was first released in 1982. Purpose - drilling in frozen ground.
4. Machine for thermomechanical drilling. This is an experimental sample for subversive work.
5. BM-1001. This earth drill with the help of rotational percussion drilling conducts geological exploration.
What and how to make a drill yourself?
In any private country house there are many problems that can be solved only with the help of special tools. This can be the organization of water supply, and the installation of various supports, and planting and caring for plants, etc.
Of course, everything you need can be easily found in any hardware store. But it’s much cheaper and more practical to make a tool with your own hands. It does not take much time and effort.
Homemade drill is done with the help of elementary tools that are in almost every house or garage. To do this, you will need an abrasive wheel for turning the cutting elements and a welding machine.
The device will consist of the drill itself, a metal pole and a special twisting handle. The work may also need reinforcing bars with a length of about 2 m and a metal sheet.
Step-by-step assembly instructions
The drill is a fairly simple device. But even in this tool there are several features. Therefore, before getting down to business and constructing, for example, a home-made drill for manual poles, it is necessary to carefully study the instructions.
Let us single out several stages:
1. Assembling and securing the working blade. To do this, you need a sheet of durable metal. And you need to determine in advance the type of work for which the drill will be used. Workpieces should be 5-10 mm larger than the required hole diameter.
2. Preparation of the main base. To do this, take a rod, which is firmly fixed in a vice. Then a couple of holes are made in it. Nuts with finished blades will be tightened here. Keep in mind that these holes should be 1-2 mm larger.
3. Shaping the blades. To do this, you need a grinder. To give the blades the appearance of a kind of screw, a radial incision is made. Then the lower part is sharpened.
4. Sharp tip. This is necessary for work with various hard rocks and frozen ground. The end can be sharpened or a pre-prepared drill can be welded. In this case, there must be screw grooves at the bottom of the rack.
5. The handle. It can be welded tightly or bolted, which will allow you to adjust the drilling depth. It is worth taking care of the wear and corrosion of structural elements in advance. Therefore, a manual drill must be treated with special compounds and coated with paint. And only after that it can be fully used.
Diamond drill: properties and scope
The needs of modern society are constantly growing. Therefore, science and progress do not stand still. Since the creation of the first drill, the need arose to make wells not only in various rocks and frozen soils, but also in particularly hard materials.
Therefore, new powerful tools have appeared that work in any conditions. One of these is a diamond drill. This device has excellent performance due to special spraying.
As you know, diamond is the hardest material on earth. It surpasses even concrete and metal in quality. But technology using diamond spraying only appeared in the middle of the last century. It was used exclusively in Western countries. In Russia, this technology appeared quite a few years ago. Moreover, not only a diamond drill is used in the work, but also a diamond wire and cutting wheels. They differ in the scope and device.
A diamond drill is a hollow metal cylinder. Diamonds are soldered on its edge. This tool is used for cutting materials such as:
- Brickwork.
- Foam concrete, reinforced and reinforced concrete.
- Granite.
- Marble and artificial stone.
- Metal.
- Asphalt concrete pavement.
Diamond drill works by the principle of grinding, when using the appropriate spraying and solders, the material breaks down and is erased. It is actively used in construction and dismantling, as well as in various types of production and even in scientific and research activities.
What is a screw drill used for?
Modern equipment is actively used not only in industry, but also in the household. The auger drill is most often used by lay people in the garden, in the country, and in the private sector. It is a special pipe shrouded in steel tape. The screws are fastened together by a thread and a figured connection. The principle of operation of this tool is based on rotary drilling, in which the destruction of rocks occurs by loosening and cutting. The crushed material is delivered to the top with a special screw.
This type of equipment, like many others, has a number of features. The main advantages include the following:
- Easy to operate. Thanks to its design, using this tool is quite easy and convenient.
- Reducing the number of hoisting operations and increasing the speed of drilling.
- Universality. This tool is suitable for a wide variety of works: construction, research, etc. Any well with a hand drill is made quickly and easily. You don’t need to be a professional.
There are such types of tools used in auger drilling :
- Paddle chisels.
- Impassable and straight through construction augers.
- Drill rods.
- Screw heads, screw bins and sub.
Some interesting facts
Almost every item or instrument from our everyday life has its own story. And during this time a huge number of various facts and interesting incidents accumulate. So with the usual drill today:
1. The deepest artificial well is Kola. Its drilling began back in 1970. Until 1990, as many as 12,262 meters were dug. In this case, an ordinary earth drill was also used.
The price of such a tool today depends on the country of manufacture and the complexity of the equipment. Hand tools usually cost about 1,500-2,000 rubles, while foreign installations cost from 25,000 rubles or more.
2. Russia has a huge supply of underground fresh water. And the most effective way of production today is to drill wells. But even so, only 10% of the total stock is used.
3. The impetus for the use of diamond coating for drilling rigs was given by the invention of synthetic diamond. At the same time, such tools first appeared in Europe. And then spread to the whole world.
4. The diamond wire and blades used in standard drilling equipment have emerged due to the development of technology, materials and construction. They are designed specifically for cutting extremely hard rocks. Diamond spraying can also have a foundation drill. This greatly speeds up and simplifies the work.
5. Fuel was first produced in China through drilling. This was 2,300 years earlier than that of Europeans and Americans.