For almost two centuries, humanity has been thinking about how to provide electrical energy for inventions and increasing needs. During this period, power plants, the power of a split atom, large-scale hydroelectric power stations were invented, and turbulent rivers came to the aid of mankind. Alternative energy sources are rapidly developing in different regions of the Earth. These include wind farms and solar panels.
Given the fact that the fading of the sun is predicted only after 5 billion years, this energy source can be considered inexhaustible. The interaction between electric energy and light was first discovered by the physicist Heinrich Hertz. He found that ultraviolet light contributes to the occurrence and passage of a discharge between conductors of electrical energy.
The first scheme for generating and transmitting energy using rays was made by the scientist Alexander Stoletov. He created the first photocell. But the discovery of the photoelectric effect, which was made by Einstein, led to the fact that the solar industry began to develop.
Battery device
If you decide to make a solar battery yourself, you should first familiarize yourself with its device. It is a system of interconnected elements, the structure of which allows you to use the principle of the photoelectric effect. Sunlight falls on the elements at a certain angle and is converted into electric current.
The device of the solar battery and the principle of operation will be described in the article. First you need to study the first part of the question. The design provides for the following components:
- semiconductor material;
- power source;
- controller
- battery charge;
- inverter-converter;
- Voltage regulator.
A semiconductor material is combined layers with different conductivities. It can be polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon with the addition of certain chemical compounds. The latter allow you to get the necessary properties for the occurrence of the photoelectric effect.
One of the layers must have an excess of electrons to ensure the transfer of electrons from one material to another. An additional layer must have a lack of electrons. A thin layer of the element in the system is necessary to withstand the transition of electrons. It is located between the above layers.
If you connect the power source to the opposing layer, the electrons will overcome the locking zone. This allows you to achieve the ordered movement of charged particles, which is called electric current. To conserve and store energy, a battery is used. An inverter-converter is used to convert electric current to alternating current. But to create the voltage of the desired range, a stabilizer is used.
Principle of operation
If you are thinking about how to make a solar battery at home, you should also familiarize yourself with the principle of its operation. It lies in the fact that photons of light, which are solar radiation, fall on the surface of a semiconductor. They transfer their energy in collisions with the surface to the electrons of the semiconductor. Electrons knocked out of a semiconductor overcome the protective layer. They have extra energy.
Negative electrons leave the p-type conductor, and then follow to the n conductor. With positive electrons, everything happens the other way around. This transition is facilitated by the electric fields existing in the conductors. This increases the strength and difference of charges. The strength of the electric current in the element will depend on several factors, among them:
- amount of light;
- radiation intensity;
- receiving surface area;
- angle of incidence of light;
- operating time;
- System efficiency;
- ambient temperature.
Manufacturing instruction
Before you make a solar battery at home, you should familiarize yourself with several options for assembling such elements. Technology will depend on the amount of solar cells and additional materials. The larger the area of the panel, the more powerful the equipment will be, but this will entail an increase in the weight of the structure. The same modules should be used in one battery, because the current equivalence will be equated to the indicators of a smaller element.
Preparation of tools and materials
Some owners of private homes are thinking about how to make a solar battery at home. If you, too, are among them, you should know that the design of the modules and their dimensions can be chosen by you yourself.
To make the case, inside which the elements will be located, you should prepare:
- plywood sheets;
- universal glue;
- drill;
- pieces of plexiglass;
- low slats;
- corners and screws;
- fiberboard boards;
- paint.
Frame assembly
At the first stage, you should take plywood, which will serve as the base. On its perimeter glued sides. Reiki should not block solar cells, so their height should not be more than 3/4 inch. For reliability, glued rails are screwed with screws, and the corners are fixed with corners. For ventilation, holes are drilled in the lower part of the hull and on the sides. They should not be in the lid, as this may cause moisture to enter.
If you have a question about how to make a solar battery at home, you should familiarize yourself with the technology. It provides for the fastening of elements on fiberboard sheets, which can be replaced by other material. The main condition is that the canvas should not conduct electric current.
Methodology
From plexiglass should cut out the cover and fit the size of the body. Impregnation should be used to protect wooden parts. Solar modules are laid out on the substrate with the back side up to solder the conductors. For work, prepare solder and soldering iron.
If you want to know how to make a solar battery yourself at home, then you should consider: soldering places are processed with a pencil. For starters, you can practice on two elements. All elements are connected in a sequential chain, the result should be a snake. The elements are connected, and after the system is rotated face up. Modules are glued on the panel. As glue, you can use silicone sealant.
A real assistant in the household for you can be a solar battery. With your own hands, a battery for a house is made quite simply. After attaching the modules to the substrate, you can check the functionality of the system. Then the base is placed in the frame and fixed with screws.
Finally
In order to eliminate the discharge of the battery through the battery, a blocking diode is installed on the panel, which is then fastened with sealant. The installed elements are covered from above by a plexiglass screen. Before fixing, you should once again check the performance of the structure. Now you know how to make a solar battery at home. In addition, you should also know that you can test the modules during installation and soldering, you can do this in groups of several.