Grape cuttings need to be purchased only in nurseries guaranteeing varietal conformity of the material, as well as the absence of diseases. In regions infected with phylloxera, buying seedlings is extremely dangerous! Any planting material should be disinfected both in the place of preparation and before planting!
Rest period
Grapes for a year goes through a year cycle. It consists of two periods - dormancy and vegetation. The first lasts from leaf fall to spring climate warming. During the rest period, all processes proceed very weakly. Even at a favorable temperature, the kidneys do not germinate. This period lasts until mid-January and is called physiological rest.
Then the next phase begins in the plant. It is called forced rest. In this state, the grapes are capable of rapid awakening when the temperature rises to +10 degrees. This time is used for winter vaccinations, as well as for the accelerated cultivation of seedlings from cuttings of a ripened annual vine. They are selected from uterine bushes of high productivity with pronounced varietal characteristics.
Billet
Cutting of grapes is the selection of parts of ripened vines of any size, even with one eye. The most rational choice is a vine with two or three buds.
The most viable cuttings are those that are harvested in the autumn period after the completion of the growing season. For this, shoots with a diameter of 8-10 mm are selected. Thin cuttings take root worse. In some varieties, the vine itself is not thick. Then the workpieces will be thinner.
Cuttings of grapes are made as follows:
- The vine is cleared of stepsons and antennae.
- The lower cut is done obliquely and 3 cm below the node from which the bunch or tendril departed. After each use, the knife is immersed in a solution of potassium permanganate.
- The upper cut is made straight and 4 cm above the knot.
Cutting of grapes is completed, and the prepared material is collected in bunches, aligned at the lower end and tied in two places. Then attach the label with the name of the variety.
Storage
Bunches of cuttings are soaked for a day in water, then dipped in iron sulfate (3% solution). These measures will protect them from over-drying and mold. Now the cuttings can be stored.
There are several ways to do this:
- Cuttings are placed in plastic bags and stored in a ventilated cellar at a temperature of 0 to +6 degrees.
- Bunches are laid horizontally in a pit 50 cm deep and sprinkled with moist sand until it covers them completely. A wooden control cover is placed on top. Then they fill everything with sand to the top.
- If there are not very many cuttings, then for their storage it is convenient to use one and a half liter plastic bottles with cut bottoms. Prepared material is put in one, two longitudinal cuts are made on the other and put on the first. With this method, binding is not required, and ventilation is carried out by opening the stoppers 2-3 times for the entire storage period.
Checking planting material before rooting
When to germinate grape cuttings? This can be done in winter (in February) and in spring.
The material laid down for storage is carefully removed, cleaned of sand, washed with potassium permanganate, and then its appearance is checked. The condition of the wood is determined by the updated cut, which has a bright green color. And when it is compressed, slight moisture appears. In the longitudinal section, the kidneys should also be uniformly green. Cuttings with any deviations (black or brown bark, various spots or dots and other damage) are subject to rejection.
During storage, some of the moisture may be lost. It must be restored by soaking the cuttings in soft (rain, melt) water for a period of one to three days. Before rooting, all cuttings must be labeled with the name of the variety. The lower section is updated to the very node with a full diaphragm - a storehouse of nutrients. Part of the cortex can be scratched to form additional roots. Do this from the lower end of the handle with a sharp knife.
The upper section is not renewed; they are dipped for a second in molten paraffin or wax to prevent the formation of fungus and putrefactive bacteria. The lower kidney is better to remove - so once again you can check the condition of the planting material.
After everything is prepared and it is known when to grow grape cuttings, you can begin to root them. This is done in winter in small containers, and in the spring in the school.
Cup sprouting
The most acceptable and common method. Growing grapes from cuttings in glasses will be more effective if their lower part is kept for 24 hours in a heteroauxin solution. The kidneys are not wetted. Dishes with seedlings are covered with a plastic bag and set in a warm place (for example, near a battery).
A day later, when the preparation of grape cuttings for germination is completed, they are planted in glasses with soil. The earth mixture consists of the following components:
- Humus - 1 part.
- Peat - 1 part.
- Sod land - 2 parts.
- Coarse sand - 1 part.
Capacities for planting cuttings can be made from 1.5-liter plastic bottles. A glass 20 cm high is cut from the bottom, a hole is made in the bottom. The top of the bottle is not thrown away. It will come in handy later to close the glass and provide a microclimate to the cuttings.
Water in the glasses should be poured, a hole should be made in the center almost to the bottom with a diameter of 2 cm. Then a sand cushion should be made and the hole should be completely filled with it after the cuttings are installed.
To grow grapes from cuttings according to all the rules, that is, first the formation of roots, then the awakening of the kidneys, some conditions must be observed. The temperature for the bottom of the cup should be up to +30 degrees, and for the kidneys - not higher than +15. This is quite difficult to achieve, but possible. For example, if you grow grapes from the cuttings of the house, then such conditions can be created on the window. Glasses are mounted on a metal tray, which is fixed to the battery. The inner window frame is opened and the seedlings are isolated from the room with a polyethylene screen. The temperature can additionally be adjusted by a window. Growing grapes from the cuttings of the house, watering can be provided from below, supplying warm water to the pan. Through the drainage holes in the cups, it will enter the soil.
After the roots begin to be visible through the transparent walls, the cooling of the kidney zone is stopped. When shoots begin to develop from the kidneys, the corks on the upper parts of the bottles are opened, and with active growth, the shelter is completely removed.
Green cuttings
In the spring you can use stepsons and cropped shoots. Green cuttings with two buds immediately put into the water. Then planted in glasses or boxes, create partial shade until they start to grow. In the summer months, cuttings will develop, and in the autumn they will be cleaned in the cellar. In spring, seedlings are placed in buckets with fertile soil, and in September - in a permanent place in the vineyard. Cutting grapes in the spring is a rather risky business, since during the winter you can lose most of the already grown plants.
Kilchevany
If you want to learn how to plant grapes with cuttings quickly, you need to apply one agricultural technique. It allows you to create a circular callus in them, from which roots will appear in a short time. So that the grapevine grapevine cutting is successful, the earth is removed from the greenhouse. Then they dig a trench 20 cm deeper than the length of the seedlings, lay the grate at the bottom and tightly lay the bundles upside down to each other, filling them with river sand. The lower ends (they turned out closer to the surface) should be on the same level. Then they are covered with a layer of sawdust or moss of 2 cm and a layer of humus of 12 cm, watered and covered with frames, with which the temperature will be regulated (+22 ... + 24 ). The soil must be moistened and loosened periodically. In the southern regions, ice is laid at the bottom of the trenches or spilled with cold water. Stitching ends in two to three weeks.
Growing grapes in central Russia
It is believed that the cultivation of this plant is possible only in the southern regions. But today a technology has been developed for growing grapes for central Russia.
First you need to choose a place to land. It should be sunny and calm. During the growing season, plants should be placed in north-south ribbons.
Soil preparation, planting and care
After the cultivation of early grape seedlings is successful, they will need to be properly placed on the site. They do this at the end of May, when the last frost has passed. In a planting pit of 50 X 50 cm in size, garden soil mixed with humus is poured with a slide. At this elevation and place the plant.
Abundant watering should be carried out under the root. Weeding and cultivation are required. Grapes respond well to fertilizing with mineral and organic fertilizers. Liquid mullein needs to be applied in the spring to quickly build up green mass. And at the end of summer, phosphorus is needed so that the vine is ripe well and has time to finish the growing season. Potassium is also needed throughout the growth.
In order to form a large number of productive vines, it is necessary to break out lateral shoots - stepsons in time.
Grape Formation and Winter Shelter
In the fall, after the leaves fall, they are engaged in light pruning and the creation of sleeves (vines). In the first year, in conditions of central Russia, they leave 2-3 of them on one plant.
In winter, grapes need to be high up and sheltered. You can do it this way:
- Gather the vine in a bunch and tie with twine.
- Wrap it with a spandball and roofing felt.
- Drag the rope.
- Lay the resulting structure on boards, stones or bricks.
Moisture will not get into such a shelter during thaws, and the vine will not get wet. Dry plants are not afraid of frost.
How to remove the shelter
The design is disassembled in reverse order at the beginning of May. But the vine does not need to be tied to the trellis as long as there is the possibility of return frosts. While it is lying on the ground, you can always cover it with the same spandball or non-woven covering material. In addition, the surface of the earth is always warmer, and in the event of a cold snap the vine will not freeze.
In early June, it can be safely placed on the trellis, but here another problem arises. By this time, the shoots have already reached a decent size, so you need to be very careful not to break them.
Garter of grapes and shoots (dry or green) increases the yield and its quality. It makes it possible to air the bushes and more lighting, and also frees up approaches to plants for mechanical work.
Dry garter
It is done during sap flow, but before the kidneys swell. When they begin to blossom, they are very easy to break off. Last year's shoots are tied upright to form the stem. If it is high, then you need to fix it in two or three places. The long vine, designed for the return of the crop, is tied up horizontally, achieving maximum illumination.
For this method, a special rope is used, consisting of steel wire and paper winding. When garter, you need to leave a margin for thickening shoots.
If the bush is small, then the entire fruit vine is attached to the lower trellis in a row. With large dimensions of the plant, part of the shoots are tied to the second wire.
Green grape fastening to trellis
Have to tie several times a season. The first - with a shoot length of 50 cm. Then, as the wire grows and reaches the second tier. Green shoots are tied up vertically, no more than 2-3 pcs. together. This is done with twine, bast, waste from the textile industry or strips of polymer film.
Mounting is carried out in the form of a figure eight, excluding grinding and burns of shoots. Where possible, it is best to distribute them at an angle of 45 degrees. Thus, the illumination of the plant increases, photosynthesis is enhanced. Accordingly, the sugar content and the amount of tannins and aromatic substances in the fruits increase.
If the wire is stretched in two rows in the upper tier, then there is no need for tying. Shoots just start between them, where with the help of antennae they are fixed independently.