One can only be amazed at how rapidly the modern construction industry is developing rapidly. Only until recently, cement-sand concrete mortars were the only and indispensable materials for all the needs of the construction of both industrial and residential buildings. Today, new mortars are created on the basis of cement material, which surpass the quality of ordinary cement-sand concrete.
Foundation in construction
How to build a house with your own hands, so that it serves both your grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Today, high-quality construction is not very cheap, but it will be justified by its longevity, if you lay the house on a reliable foundation. The first step in laying a building, including a brick one, is to prepare the construction site and build a reliable foundation. Basically, a deep strip foundation is being built using modern waterproofing technology. But before laying the house, very important work is being done to create the foundation - a stone-sand pillow.
The choice of the foundation design and the method of how to fill the foundation under the house with your own hands depends on the indicators of geodetic and geological measurements of the soil of the site. On solid soils, a less massive foundation is established, and on soft, sandy or moist soils, a more stable foundation with reliable waterproofing of the lower part is needed. There are several types of foundation designs for individual single-story and multi-story buildings. This is a tape, and pile, and completed foundation for the house with their own hands with a solid fill of the entire base. As already mentioned, the design must be selected according to the geodetic indicators of the soil of the land plot.
Stone and sand foundation pillow
In general, any building consists of two parts - underground and ground. If in the process of geological research it was determined that the soil of the land is not solid enough, then a stone-sand pillow should be created under the entire building. If basements are not provided, the entire area for the house with your own hands deepens a little and is covered with the first layer of coarse stone gravel.
The second layer is filled with smaller crushed stone or sand, which compacts the space between large stones. The surface of the entire area under the building is leveled with a finishing layer of fine gravel. To strengthen the base of the building, it is necessary to create, in addition to the sand cover, a reinforced concrete cover of the base of the entire building. A metal reinforcing mesh is placed on the surface of the sand layer. A solid foundation is created for a heavy brick house and a rough floor. For the foundation of the house in unreliable soils, you need to select the soil below the freezing point and fill the foundation pit with several layers of stone and gravel, as well as sand, which will compact the stone pillow and create a solid foundation for the subsequent filling of the house foundation with your hands.
Foundation waterproofing
Based on the fact that the base is underground under the constant influence of moisture and groundwater, it must be protected from this. Waterproofing will protect the lower part of the building from moisture, which has a destructive force for almost all building materials made of cement and sand. At the bottom of the dug trench, waterproofing material is laid. But in modern construction, the Megatron additive is mixed into the concrete mortar, which gives concrete particular strength and makes it possible to obtain high-quality material of special strength with high frost resistance and moisture resistance.
On the modern market there is a large list of waterproofing materials. Deposited and non-fused films, bitumen and polymer, are widely popular. There are a large number of drainage waterproofing mastics. In addition to processing the walls with waterproofing materials, the foundation is waterproofed with drainage channels that drain groundwater. Effective in dealing with groundwater can be drainage trays and blind areas around the building.
Bitumen roofing material
As a waterproofing, bitumen roofing material with high qualities is used. After the foundation is built and the formwork is removed, the external walls are protected from water and moisture by bituminous waterproofing mastic. She smeared the outer and inner walls several times. Each layer of waterproofing mastic is applied after drying. In soils with increased moisture, additional waterproofing of the walls is carried out using bitumen roofing felt or polyvinyl chloride waterproofing films. Bitumen roofing material is produced in the process of impregnation of cardboard sheets with polyester fiberglass and cellulose substances. Polyester fibers have high waterproof properties, they are tear resistant and resistant to temperature extremes.
The type of roofing material depends on what polyester substances impregnate the cardboard sheets:
- Rubemast is a cardboard-based material.
- Euroruberoid is a synthetic material made for waterproofing.
- Roofing material-tol - cardboard impregnated with petroleum products, which is sprayed on both sides.
- Glass-roofing material - fiberglass impregnated with synthetic polyester materials.
Waterproofing film
For waterproofing, the film is glued to the walls with a waterproofing adhesive solution to the entire height of the foundation, starting from the bottom. For reliable waterproofing, it is advisable to connect the waterproofing film laid on the bottom with that which is glued to the side walls. For bonding waterproofing materials, waterproofing adhesive mastic based on synthetic fillers is used.
The tightness in waterproofing works is very important. Protecting a house from water and moisture has several features associated with areas that lend themselves to waterproofing. Each modern house has several areas and points that are subject to mandatory waterproofing. First of all, this is the foundation of the building, which is mainly underground. Waterproofing is carried out around the perimeter using waterproofing mastics or bitumen roofing materials.
There are a large number of varieties of insulation film.
- Thermoresistant paper.
- Waterproofing film BOPP.
- The made foam polyethylene.
- Stretch tape.
- PVC film \ PE.
- Plasticized film.
- The film is air bubble.
In the construction of the foundation, a waterproofing film is used to isolate the underground part and the roof. For waterproofing the foundation, a roll film is mainly used, which serves as protection against groundwater. This is an intermediate layer between the soil and the main waterproofing material, or between the insulation and concrete screed.
Waterproofing mastic
If mastic is used for waterproofing, then it should be coated with several layers with drying of each layer. When using ruberoid waterproofing, roofing cloths are overlapped and glued with adhesive tape and adhesive waterproofing mastic. The same is the case with other points, if you build a foundation for your home with your own hands. This is the roof waterproofing, and the waterproofing of insulation materials, which insulate the walls, floor and floor. But for polyvinyl chloride materials, films and membranes, which are used for waterproofing the roof, in addition to the tightness of their coating, ventilation of the surface on which condensed moisture is collected is also necessary. For this, ventilated facades and roofs are created when a ventilation gap is left between the roofing material and the flooring, through which air circulates to dry the moisture condensed on the surface of the film.
Waterproofing mastics today occupy a major place in waterproofing works. Their convenience is that with mastic it is possible to waterproof hard-to-reach areas. If you are building a strip foundation for your home with your own hands, then waterproofing mastic is used to protect basement areas and other parts. There are many types of such material. This is a liquid membrane, Technikol mastic, bitumen and polymer mastic.
Concrete building foundation formwork
Do-it- yourself construction of the foundation foundation for a house has a standard look. For formwork, long boards are selected with a thickness of 40 mm or more. Solid shields are created from them, which are strengthened by wooden slats at a distance of at least one meter. If boards with a smaller cross section are used for the boards, then the fastening strips are placed denser to prevent the formwork shield from bending from the pressure of the cement mortar. Formwork panels are installed in the trench with a solid line around the circumference. At the corners, they overlap with the ends and are fastened with large nails or screws. For additional fastening of the formwork panels, stakes are used that deepen into the ground around the entire perimeter from the outside of the formwork.
Strengthening the outer perimeter of the foundation formwork for the house with your own hands can be fastened with a transverse crossbar that connects the stakes standing against each other. They are the formwork holding boards, on the outside they are supported by sloping rails, which abut one end against the stake and the other against the ground. To protect the formwork from compression, inside the entire perimeter, spacer bars are installed between the shields at the bottom of the trench. In addition to boards, other materials can be used for the construction of formwork.
There are also ready-made collapsible panels for formwork from metal sheets for their repeated use. Sometimes, when building a foundation for a home with their own hands, a fixed formwork is made of polyvinyl chloride materials, from which ready-made connecting formwork blocks are created, which are assembled into a strong formwork for pouring concrete. Such forms of PVC formwork simultaneously serve as a facing and waterproofing material.
Preparatory work for pouring the foundation
With a solution prepared directly at the construction site from individual ingredients, or with a finished composition prepared in production autoclaves, we fill the foundation in several stages. The first is the preparation and construction of formwork. For it, boards, plywood panels and other materials are used, from which you can build a strong gutter for pouring concrete
The second - filling the bottom of the trench with a stone-sand pillow. How is the foundation poured for the house made with your own hands to create a reliable foundation, so that after a few years the foundation does not float? What rules do you need to follow? As a backfill of the foundation of the strip foundation for the house, we chop the chopped and cobblestone, chopped brick and gravel with our own hands. At the bottom of the trench before backfilling, we lay several layers of waterproofing film. Also, this material is laid in moist soil on the walls of an already completed foundation.
Next will be a step-by-step fill instruction:
- Digging a trench to a depth below freezing by 0.5 m.
- DIY do-it-yourself foundation foundation construction.
- Waterproofing the bottom if poured
- Filling the trench with a stone-sand pillow, so that during operation it would not be necessary to often do after the construction of the house.
- Preparation of high-quality concrete mortar, if filling the foundation for the house with your own hands is done.
Step-by-step instructions will help you better understand all the stages of work.
Foundation mortar
Materials such as cement and gravel are used to prepare the concrete mortar. To strengthen the base of the building, synthetic fillers are sometimes added to the mortar to give the concrete mortar more viscous qualities and increase resistance to moisture. And in the northern regions, for the stability of the concrete mortar to low temperatures, fillers are added before pouring the foundation, which increase the frost resistance of the material. For the preparation of ordinary cement mortar, high grades of cement are used, not lower than M400. The proportion is calculated as follows: 1 part of cement for 1.6 parts of sand and 3.2 parts of crushed stone.
The higher the grade of cement, the greater the amount of sand. When building a foundation for a home with your own hands, step-by-step instructions need to be read in advance. We prepare concrete for pouring in separate containers. Without the addition of water, cement and sand are mixed to create a uniform dry mass. After mixing in small portions, pure water is added to create a thick, viscous mass. The process of pouring and repairing the foundation of the house with your own hands is carried out simultaneously along the perimeter of the building. An electric vibrator is used to seal the poured solution. In the absence of this tool, concrete is compacted manually using a metal rod with a thickened nozzle.
Tile foundation filling
The main thing in laying the foundation is the assessment of the freezing point. It is necessary that the foundation was laid below freezing by 0.5 meters. This will protect the basement and the house from the effects of frost. Equally important is the protection against groundwater. And if in the process of the geology of the site the presence of groundwater was detected, then it is advisable to make a drainage drainage system at the level of the lower part of the trench before laying the foundation and making the foundation for the house with your own hands. Drainage trenches are laid at an angle to the underground flow of water, covering the building, with the drainage being brought out of the house. The do-it-yourself foundation foundation for a home needs to be poured with concrete mortar with a high grade of high-quality cement. When using monolithic finished beams, reliable double or even triple waterproofing of the joints between the beams horizontally and vertically is needed.
How to fill the foundation for a home with your own hands? When the trench was backfilled, the formwork fastening is checked. So that the concrete mortar does not squeeze the boards, the formwork is additionally strengthened by supports of the outer walls of the formwork. In the case of the construction of a large, multi-story building, concrete is reinforced using reinforcement. For formwork under the strip foundation, boards of at least 40 mm thick are needed. Regarding the length, the longer the formwork boards are, the faster and better the formwork installation is.
Concrete for pouring the strip foundation
Building the foundation of a house with your own hands requires high-quality materials not only for masonry walls, but also for auxiliary work. For formwork, boards are fastened to the height of the foundation. The formwork should be a strong wooden gutter into which concrete is poured. In order for the concrete solution not to burst the formwork to the sides, both of its sides are fastened with jumpers and struts from the inside. To install the boards, additional fastening is used with sloping rails on both sides of the formwork, the boards are supported by oblique supports. A concrete mortar of a mixture of cement and sand is poured into the created gutter.
Proportion of cement, gravel, sand
- Concrete grade 100 - 1: 4.1: 6.1 (cement M400, sand, gravel).
- Concrete 200 - 1: 2.5: 4.2 (cement M400, sand, gravel).
- Concrete 300 - 1; 1.7: 3.2 (cement M400, sand, gravel).
- Concrete 400 - 1: 1.1: 2.4 (cement M400, sand, gravel).
For 500 grade cement, the amount of sand and gravel is increased by 1.1. Accordingly, for cement grade M300 the amount of sand and gravel is reduced by 1.2. If you need to strengthen the foundation for a house with your own hands under a building of several floors, the foundation is reinforced with a metal reinforcing mesh welded from reinforcement with a cross section of 20-25 mm.
Foundation on stilts
The self-made column foundation of the house (pile foundation) is very economical and practical, especially in adverse liquid and weak soils, when there is a danger of abundant groundwater. In fact, there are several technologies for building a pile foundation. How to build a house with your own hands from the foundation? First of all, it is necessary to say about the construction of a pile foundation on ready-made industrial reinforced concrete piles, manufactured during the construction process, when they are created by reinforcing and pouring concrete at a construction site.
To fill the piles, pits are dug at least 1.5 m deep along the perimeter of the building in the places indicated in the design. Pit drilling under piles can be done using a garden drill or manually. In each dug pit, formwork is created under the piles to the desired height. Formwork is strengthened by slopes and struts. . . . . , .
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