Golden autumn foliage shone brightly. The rays of the evening sun touched the thinned tops. The light pierced through the branches and staged a performance of bizarre figures flickering on the wall of the university "kapterka".
Sir Hamilton's brooding gaze slid slowly, watching the play of chiaroscuro. In the head of the Irish mathematician was a real melting pot of thoughts, ideas and conclusions. He perfectly understood that the explanation of many phenomena with the help of Newtonian mechanics was like a play of shadows on a wall, deceivingly interlacing figures and leaving many questions unanswered. “Perhaps this is a wave ... or maybe a stream of particles,” the scientist mused, “or light is a manifestation of both phenomena. Like figures woven from shadow and light. ”
The beginning of quantum physics
It is interesting to observe great people and try to realize how great ideas are born that change the course of evolution of all mankind. Hamilton is one of those who stood at the origins of the birth of quantum physics. Fifty years later, at the beginning of the twentieth century, many scientists studied the elementary particles. The knowledge gained was contradictory and not compiled. However, the first shaky steps were taken.
Understanding the microworld at the beginning of the twentieth century
In 1901, the first atomic model was introduced and its inconsistency was shown from the perspective of ordinary electrodynamics. In the same period, Max Planck and Niels Bohr published many works on the nature of the atom. Despite their painstaking work, a complete understanding of the structure of the atom did not exist.
A few years later, in 1905, a little-known German scientist Albert Einstein published a report on the possibility of the existence of a light quantum in two states - wave and particle (particle). In his work, arguments were presented explaining the reason for the failure of the model. However, Einstein's vision was limited to the old understanding of the atomic model.
After numerous works by Niels Bohr and his colleagues in 1925, a new direction arose - a kind of quantum mechanics. A common expression - “quantum mechanics” appeared thirty years later.
What do we know about quanta and their quirks?
Today, quantum physics has gone far enough. Many different phenomena are discovered. But what do we really know? The answer is presented by one modern scientist. “One can either believe in quantum physics or not understand it,” is Richard Feynman’s definition . Think about it yourself. Suffice it to mention a phenomenon such as quantum entanglement of particles. This phenomenon plunged the scientific world into a state of complete bewilderment. An even greater shock was that the paradox that arose was incompatible with the laws of Newton and Einstein.
The effect of quantum entanglement of photons was first discussed in 1927 at the Fifth Solvay Congress. A heated debate arose between Niels Bohr and Einstein. The paradox of quantum confusion completely changed the understanding of the essence of the material world.
It is known that all bodies are composed of elementary particles. Accordingly, all the phenomena of quantum mechanics are reflected in the ordinary world. Niels Bohr said that if we do not look at the moon, then it does not exist. Einstein considered this unreasonable and believed that the object exists independently of the observer.
When studying the problems of quantum mechanics, it should be understood that its mechanisms and laws are interconnected and do not obey classical physics. Let's try to figure out the most controversial area - the quantum entanglement of particles.
Theory of quantum entanglement
First you need to understand that quantum physics is like a bottomless well in which you can find anything. The phenomenon of quantum entanglement at the beginning of the last century was studied by Einstein, Bohr, Maxwell, Boyle, Bell, Planck and many other physicists. Throughout the twentieth century, thousands of scientists have actively studied this and experimented around the world.
The world is subject to the strict laws of physics.
Why is there such an interest in the paradoxes of quantum mechanics? Everything is very simple: we live in obedience to certain laws of the physical world. The ability to "circumvent" predestination opens a magical door, behind which everything becomes possible. For example, the concept of the “Schrodinger Cat” leads to the management of matter. It will also be possible to teleport information caused by quantum entanglement. The transmission of information will be instant, regardless of distance.
This issue is still under study, but it has a positive trend.
Analogy and understanding
What is unique about quantum entanglement, how to understand it, and what happens? Let's try to figure it out. This will require some kind of thought experiment. Imagine holding two boxes in your hands. In each of them lies one ball with a strip. Now we give one box to the astronaut, and he flies off to Mars. As soon as you open the box and see that the strip on the ball is horizontal, then in the other box the ball will automatically have a vertical strip. This will be quantum entanglement expressed in simple words: one object predetermines the position of another.
However, it should be understood that this is only a superficial explanation. In order to obtain quantum entanglement, it is necessary that the particles have the same origin, like twins.
It is very important to understand that the experiment will be disrupted if someone had the opportunity to look at least at one of the objects before you.
Where can quantum confusion be used?
The principle of quantum entanglement can be used to transmit information over long distances instantly. Such a conclusion contradicts Einstein's theory of relativity. It says that the maximum speed of movement is inherent only in light - three hundred thousand kilometers per second. Such a transfer of information makes it possible for physical teleportation.
Everything in the world is information, including matter. This conclusion was reached by quantum physicists. In 2008, on the basis of a theoretical database, it was possible to see quantum confusion with the naked eye.
This once again suggests that we are on the verge of great discoveries - movement in space and time. Time in the Universe is discrete, therefore instantaneous movement over vast distances makes it possible to fall into different time densities (based on the hypotheses of Einstein and Bohr). Perhaps in the future it will be a reality just like a mobile phone today.
Etherdynamics and quantum entanglement
According to some leading scientists, quantum confusion is explained by the fact that space is filled with a certain ether - black matter. Any elementary particle, as we know, is in the form of waves and corpuscles (particles). Some scientists believe that all particles are on the "canvas" of dark energy. It’s not easy to understand. Let's try to figure it out in another way - the association method.
Imagine yourself on the seashore. Light breeze and light breeze. See the waves? And somewhere in the distance, in the glint of the rays of the sun, a sailboat is visible.
The ship will be our elementary particle, and the sea will be the ether (dark energy).
The sea can be in motion in the form of visible waves and drops of water. In the same way, all elementary particles can be just the sea (its integral part) or a separate particle - a drop.
This is a simplified example, everything is somewhat more complicated. Particles without the presence of an observer are in the form of a wave and do not have a specific location.
A white sailboat is a distinguished object, it differs from the smooth surface and structure of the sea water. In the same way, there are “peaks” in the ocean of energy, which we can perceive as a manifestation of the forces known to us that formed the material part of the world.
Microworld lives by its own laws
The principle of quantum entanglement can be understood if we take into account the fact that elementary particles are in the form of waves. Without a specific location and characteristics, both particles reside in an ocean of energy. At the moment of the observer's appearance, the wave “turns” into an object accessible to touch. The second particle, observing the equilibrium system, acquires the opposite properties.
The described article is not aimed at capacious scientific descriptions of the quantum world. The possibility of understanding an ordinary person is based on the availability of understanding of the material presented.
Elementary particle physics studies the entanglement of quantum states based on the spin (rotation) of an elementary particle.
Scientific language (simplified) - quantum confusion is determined by different spins. In the process of observing objects, scientists saw that there can only be two backs - along and across. Oddly enough, in other positions the particles do not “pose” to the observer.
New hypothesis - a new view of the world
The study of microcosmos - the space of elementary particles - has generated many hypotheses and assumptions. The effect of quantum entanglement prompted scientists to think of the existence of a certain quantum microlattice. In their opinion, in each node - the intersection point - there is a quantum. All energy is an integral lattice, and the manifestation and movement of particles is possible only through the nodes of the lattice.
The size of the “window” of such a grid is quite small, and measurement with modern equipment is impossible. However, to confirm or refute this hypothesis, scientists decided to study the motion of photons in a spatial quantum lattice. The bottom line is that the photon can move either directly or in zigzags - along the diagonal of the lattice. In the second case, overcoming a great distance, he will spend more energy. Accordingly, it will be different from a photon moving in a straight line.
Perhaps in time we will learn that we live in a spatial quantum lattice. Or this assumption may be wrong. However, it is the principle of quantum entanglement that indicates the existence of a lattice.
In simple terms, in a hypothetical spatial “cube” the definition of one face carries a clear opposite meaning to the other. This is the principle of maintaining the structure of space - time.
Epilogue
To understand the magical and mysterious world of quantum physics, you should carefully look at the course of development of science over the past five hundred years. It used to be that the Earth was flat, not spherical. The reason is obvious: if you take its round shape, then water and people will not be able to resist.
As we see, the problem existed in the absence of a complete vision of all the forces involved. It is possible that modern science lacks a vision of all the forces that are needed to understand quantum physics. Vision spaces create a system of contradictions and paradoxes. Perhaps the magical world of quantum mechanics contains the answers to the questions posed.