Oil is fossil fuel, which is a combustible and oily liquid. It is part of the group of petrolites, since it is close in composition to ozokerites and combustible gases. Consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons and other chemical compounds. As usual, it has a pure black color and a specific smell. Over the past two centuries, oil has been an essential component of human life. These minerals can occur at a depth of 1 meter to 6 kilometers.
Kazakh oil
After Russia, among all the former republics of the USSR, the largest deposits of liquid hydrocarbons are in Kazakhstan. According to the most conservative estimates, the most valuable natural reserves (oil and gas) in the camp are about 40 billion barrels, that is, more than 5 billion tons. It turns out that Kazakhstan can develop its deposits for about 70 years, and there are still unexplored territories.
In Kazakhstan, oil production began earlier than in Iran, Kuwait and other countries. For the first time, oil was extracted in the country in 1899, and by 1992 the volumes had been increased to 25.8 million tons, and after another 20 years - 80 million tons. The first developed field is Karashungul in the Atyr region.
Today, the country has many oil companies, 3 refineries.
Tengiz
A deposit in the Atyr region, 350 kilometers from the city of Atyrau. It was discovered in 1979, the field belongs to the Caspian province. Deposits are located at a depth of 3 to 6 kilometers. The oil saturation coefficient is - 0.82, sulfur dioxide by 0.7%. Density - 789 kg / m 3 .
The projected consumption was estimated at more than 3 billion, and associated gas about 2 trillion cubic meters.
General information about the enterprise
The Tengizchevroil company (Tengiz field, Kazakhstan) was established in 1993. At that time, the agreement was signed by the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Chevron campaign. In the future, the company acquired companions, now the percentage ratio of shares in the enterprise is as follows:
- Chevron, USA - 50%;
- ExxonMobil, USA - 25%;
- KazmunaiGas, Kazakhstan - 20%
- LukArco, Russia - 5%.
Timeline
In Kazakhstan at Tengiz, a gas and oil field was discovered in 1979. Already in December, the 18th, oil from sub-salt formations was extracted from the first well, from a depth of 4.045 to 4.095 thousand meters. Until the mid-80s, about 100 wells were drilled.
- 1985 - a fire occurs in the T-37 well. The fire was extinguished after about 1.5 years.
- 1986 was marked by the beginning of the "great" construction. Production facilities began to be built and the construction of the first stage of the construction of a gas processing plant was launched. The project involved specialists from European and American companies, domestic masters.
- 1991 - the launch of the Tengiz oil and gas complex. And one day from the T-8 well, crude oil begins to flow into the production line for refining.
- 1997 - the first modernization was carried out in the production complex of the Tengiz field. The measures taken allowed to increase production to 7 million tons. The project was fully completed only in 2001.
- 2001 - CPC pipeline is introduced, supplying oil to the terminals of the city of Novorossiysk.
- 2001-2008 years. Launch of the program for the construction of a plant, the so-called second generation, together with a gas re-injection complex.
- 2009 - Tengiz oil fields produce 25 million tons of oil per year.
Transportation
In 2001, the Tengiz brand appears. As soon as the pipeline through the Caspian is launched, all oil goes to the port of Novorossiysk.
Since 2008, export has begun through the oil pipeline: Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan. In the same year, railway supplies were resumed along the route: Baku - Batumi.
The tragedy of the region in the last century
It all started on June 23, 1985, when the well at number 37 suddenly caught fire. It was quite deep - 4 kilometers. For the environment, it was a real ecological disaster - a huge amount of harmful chemical compounds got into the atmosphere. A column of fire and smoke rose to a level of 200 meters above the ground. All this lasted 400 days. Many experts arrived at the Tengiz field, tried several extinguishing methods. As a result, it was possible to extinguish the flame only with the help of an internal explosion.
The radius of the negative impact on the environment has spread over 400 kilometers. Naturally, such a catastrophe prompted the enterprise management to take certain measures in the field of industrial safety and social responsibility.
Production safety
Today, Tengizchevroil is a leader in the field of industrial safety in the country's oil and refining industries. In general, as of 2016, employees of the enterprise and contracting organizations worked more than 55 million hours without a single incident. That is, the company complies with all international standards in the field of industrial safety and not only strives, but also does everything to avoid industrial injuries.
Last year figures
As the Director General of the enterprise assured, in 2017 the record level for oil production was reached at the Tengiz field and amounted to more than 28 million tons (in the year before last, the indicator slightly exceeded 27 million tons), that is, the volume increased by 4.1%.
The company sold liquefied natural gas of about 1.38 million tons. Almost 2.5 million tons of dry sulfur and dry gas were also supplied to customers, almost 7.5 billion cubic meters. m
Financing of Kazakhstan for the period from 1993 to 2017 amounted to 125 billion US dollars. This amount included royalties and taxes, salaries paid to local employees, the purchase of domestic goods, and dividends to the government.
Current year plans
According to the Director General, the main goal of the enterprise for 2018 is to increase oil and gas production at the Tengiz, Karashyganak field. To date, the cost of the project is estimated at more than 36 billion US dollars. According to preliminary estimates, the measures taken will increase the crude product production capacity up to 36 million tons per year.
Due to the increase in volumes, Kazakhstan will only win due to an increase in the proceeds of the stipulated contributions. During the construction period, the number of jobs will be radically increased. The company promises to employ about 20 thousand employees. Design organizations of Kazakhstan are used to the maximum when implementing the project.