The literary movement is something that is often identified with a school or a literary group. It means a group of creative individuals, they are characterized by program-aesthetic unity, as well as ideological and artistic proximity.
In other words, this is a certain kind (as if a subgroup) of the
literary direction. As applied, for example, to Russian romanticism, it speaks of a "psychological", "philosophical" and "civic" movement. In Russian literary movements, scientists distinguish between a âsociologicalâ and a âpsychologicalâ direction.
Classicism
This trend and artistic style in literature and art of Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. The name comes from the Latin word "classicus" - perfect.
Literary movements of the 19th century have their own characteristics:
1. The appeal to the forms and images of ancient art and literature as an aesthetic standard, on this basis the principle of "imitation of nature" is put forward, which implies the observance of strict rules that are gleaned from ancient aesthetics.
2. The basis of aesthetics is the principle of rationalism (from the Latin "ratio" means reason), which affirms the views on fiction as the creation of the artificial - consciously created, reasonably organized, logically built.
3. In classicism, there are no individual features in the images, since they are primarily intended to capture the patrimonial, stable, with time, enduring signs that act as the embodiment of many spiritual and social forces.
4. The socio-educational function of art. A harmonious personality is brought up.
Sentimentalism
Sentimentalism (translated from English sentimental means âsensitiveâ) is a trend in the literature and art of Europe in the 18th century. Enlightenment rationalism prepared by the crisis, Enlightenment is the final stage. Basically chronologically preceded by romanticism, managed to convey to him some of his features.
Literary movements, poetry of this period has its own characteristics:
1. Sentimentalism remains true to the ideals of the normative personality.
2. Compared to classicism and its enlightening pathos, the core of "human nature" was declared not reason, but feeling.
3. The condition for the formation of the ideal person was considered not âcompetent world reconstructionâ, but improvement and release of ânatural feelingsâ.
4. The literary heroes of sentimentalism are more individualized: they are democratic in origin (or belief), the enriched spiritual world of commoners is one of the gains of sentimentalism.
5. Sentimentalism does not know about the "irrational": a contradictory mood, impulsive emotional impulses are perceived as accessible to rationalist interpretations.
Romanticism
This is the largest literary movement in the literature of Europe and America of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. In this era, everything unusual, fantastic, strange, which is found only in books, was considered romantic.
Romantic literature of the 19th century in Russia was characterized by:
1. The anti-enlightenment orientation, which was manifested even in pre-romanticism and sentimentalism, and already in romanticism reached its peak. Socio-ideological prerequisites can be called disappointment in the results of the revolution and the fruits of society in general, protests against the ordinary, vulgar and prosaic life of the bourgeoisie. The reality of stories is not subject to âreasonâ, irrationality, the fullness of secrets and unforeseenness, and the typical world order is hostile to the personâs personality and his natural freedom.
2. The general pessimistic orientation is the ideas of âworld griefâ, âcosmic pessimismâ (as an example, the literary heroes of J. Byron, A. Vigny, etc.). The theme of the âterrible world lying in evilâ was especially colorful reflected in the âdramas of rockâ or âtragedies of rockâ (E. T. A. Hoffman, E. Poe).
3. Faith in the almighty spirit of man, in his call for renewal. Literators discovered an unknown complexity, the depth of individuality. People for them are a microcosm, a small universe. Hence the absolutization of personal principles, the philosophy of individualisms. The center of romantic works has always been a strong, exceptional person who opposes society, its moral standards and laws.
Naturalism
From Latin means nature - the literary movements of the Silver Age, which finally took shape in Europe and the USA.
Features:
1. The desire for objective, accurate and dispassionate images of a human character and reality, which are determined by the physiological environment and nature, understood in most cases as a direct material and everyday environment. At the same time, the socio-historical factor is not excluded. The main task of naturalists is to study society with the same completeness with which natural scientists study nature, artistic knowledge is likened to scientific.
2. All works of art were considered as âhuman documentsâ, the main aesthetic criteria were considered the completeness and completeness of the cognitive acts carried out in it.
3. Literary scholars abandoned moralizing, suggesting that the reality depicted is quite expressive in itself. They thought that literature, like the exact sciences, had no right to choose material, as if there were no unworthy or unfit subjects for writers. Because of this, in the works of that time often appeared public indifference and plotlessness.
Realism
Realism refers to the artistic and literary movement of the early 20th century. It begins in the Renaissance ("Renaissance realism"), as well as in the Enlightenment ("enlightenment realism"). Realism was first noted in medieval and ancient folklore, ancient legends.
The main features of the course:
1. Artists depict the outside world in images that correspond to the essence of the phenomena of the world itself.
2. In realism, literature is indicated by a means of knowing the person and the surrounding society.
3. The knowledge of today comes with the help of images that are created due to the typification of facts of reality ("typical characters in a typical setting").
4. Realistic art is life-affirming art, even with the tragic resolution of conflicts. This has a philosophical basis - Gnosticism, the credibility of the cognizability and adequacy of the reflection of the world, which is different from romanticism.
silver Age
The literary movements of the Silver Age have the following features:
- the assumption of the existence of two worlds (real and otherworldly);
- identification in the symbols of reality;
- special views on natural intuition as a mediator in the image of the world and its comprehension;
- development of sound recording in the form of a separate poetic device;
- comprehension of the world from the side of mystification;
- the diversity of content (hints, allegory);
- searching for a religious species (âreligious free feelingâ);
- realism is denied.
19th century literature in Russia
The origin of artistic trends in Russia is associated with the socio-ideological atmosphere of life of Russian people - a nationwide rise after the First World War. This was the beginning of not only the formation, but also of the special nature of the trends of the Decembrist poets (examples are V.K. Kyukhelbeker, K.F. Ryleyev, A.I. Odoevsky), whose work was animated by the ideas of civil service, imbued with the pathos of struggle and freedom .
A characteristic feature of romanticism in Russia
The most important aspect is the acceleration of literary development in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, which is due to the ârun-inâ and the combination of the various stages experienced in stages in other countries.
Russian romanticism absorbed pre-romantic tendencies along with the trends of Enlightenment and classicism: doubts about the role of reason in the universe, the cult of nature, sensitivity, elegiac melancholy, combination with the classic ordering of genres and styles, moderate didactism, and also the struggle against excess metaphoricality for the sake of âharmonic accuracyâ .
Akhmatov Current
Akhmatova's literary trend externally embellishes the language, leading simultaneously to a logically justified, completely simple thought (since acmeism itself seeks to get rid of the overload that prevailed in the literature of those years).
The lyrical heroines of Akhmatova are more mundane, striving for real life. They think in other categories. They are women who have become disillusioned with love, who feel that they have discovered a secret: love as such does not exist. But after all, more recently, the heroines lived with pink glasses in their eyes, like everyone in happy ignorance. They also waited for dates, feared separation from their beloved, sang âlove songsâ to him. But it all ended in one moment. Own insight does not please them at all. In the verses slip the lines "since then everything seems to be sick." Even complex, encrypted messages become extremely clear. Every woman who has experienced a loss of love will feel this way.
Mayakovsky
The Russian poetic process, as well as the literary movement of Mayakovsky for two decades (until the 1920s) were characterized by special wealth and diversity: it was these years that marked the beginning of the emergence and formation of the most modern literary groups and movements, the flowering of the works of famous artists was associated with their history of development the words. Just at the turn of these events, the creative path of the writer V. Mayakovsky unfolded.
Yesenin
Yesenin learned literature in difficult times for her. The imperialist war, into which Russia was drawn, marked the split even more sharply. The split was outlined in the ranks of the artistic Russian intelligentsia for two centuries with the profound revolution of 1907. Yesenin's literary movement was a peculiar decadent trend, torn with the progressive citizenship traditional for the literature of that time, his works were united under the nicknames "war to the end." The right-wing Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, who had a great influence in the circles of the Russian intelligentsia, also supported the war in Russia. Supported the war and the great poet. Meanwhile, the literary movements of the Silver Age with their foundations came to naught. The intelligentsia, and especially Russian social democracy, could not strengthen the position of literature and art, nor bring closer or push back the changes.
Russian acmeism
The literary movement of Acmeism was distinguished by an increased interest in cultural associations, it entered into a roll call with past literary eras. âSorrow for a world culture that has waned,â - so O.E. Mandelstam subsequently defined acmeism. The moods and motives of "exotic novels" and the traditions of Lermontov's "iron poems" by Gumilyov; the image of the old Russian writing system of Dante and psychological novels by A.A. Akhmatova; the idea of ââZenkiewicz natural philosophy; the ancient world of Mandelstam; the mystical world of N.V. Gogol at Narbut, G.S. Skovoroda - and this is not the whole list of cultural layers that are affected by acmeists. Each of the acmeists at the same time had a creative originality. When N.S. Gumilyov in his poetry revealed a âstrong personalityâ, and the works of M.A. Kuzmin concealed aesthetics characteristic of acmeism, the work of A.A. Akhmatova and Esenina developed more progressively, outgrew the already narrow boundaries of acmeism, in which the realistic principle and patriotic motives prevailed. Acmeist discoveries in the field of art form are still used by some modern poets.
Literary movements of the 20th century
First of all, this is an orientation toward classical, archaic, and everyday mythology; cyclic time model; mythological bricolage - works are built as collages of reminiscences and quotes from famous works.
The literary course of that time has 10 components:
1. Neomythologism.
2. Autism.
3. Illusion / reality.
4. Priority style over the plot.
5. The text in the text.
6. Destruction of the plot.
7. Pragmatics, not semantics.
8. Syntax, not vocabulary.
9. The observer.
10. Violation of the principles of text connectivity.