Consider the general tasks of forensics. This is the science of tactical methods and techniques, technical means that are used to carry out actions that are provided by the criminal procedure law for the detection, collection, fixing, analysis and application of evidence in order to prevent and solve crimes.
Components
Forensics is the science of the investigation, disclosure, prevention of crime, there is the subject of the science of forensics. It consists of two parts. One of them includes three groups of patterns:
- crime mechanism;
- patterns of occurrence of information about the crime itself, its participants;
- research, collecting, applying evidence.
The second part of forensics consists of special methods and means of judicial investigation of evidence.
Crime mechanism
The general objectives of forensics are determined by the mechanism of crime. It is customary to understand it as a complex dynamic system, which consists of several components:
- the subject of the crime, its attitude to the actions committed, consequences, accomplices;
- crime scene;
- subject of encroachment, option of concealment and commission of a crime;
- criminal result;
- the actions of those persons who were accidentally involved in what is happening.
The scope of forensic science is determined by the current legislation in the country.
Its main task is to contribute to the fight against crime by its methods and means. The forensic characteristic is incomplete without highlighting special tasks:
- the study of the objective laws that make up the subject of forensics, and the creation of basic methodological bases;
- creation of new and modernization of functioning technical and forensic methods and means of collecting, analyzing, applying and evaluating evidence for the disclosure and prevention of serious crimes;
- development of new methodological, tactical, organizational foundations of the preliminary investigation, forensic expertise;
- modernization of the experience of foreign forensic scientists.
The third level implies the general tasks of forensic science, the solution of which is carried out in specific situations.
Forensic Principles
They represent fundamental provisions, basic ideas, the use of which allows you to better understand the subject and essence of forensic science. Among them distinguish historicism, objectivity, systematic science. The forensic characteristic analyzes various aspects of the subject, which are based on dialectical laws, using methodology and philosophical categories.
Historicism involves the consideration of knowledge from the point of view of its disappearance, development, appearance, since for study it is necessary to consider it together with other phenomena. Consistency involves a holistic consideration of the subject of forensics.
Research Methods
The general tasks of forensic science are solved using the following methods: general scientific, general, special.
The structure of the universal method includes laws and categories of philosophy, as well as methods of logical thinking. They help to reveal the essence of emerging problems, to identify the importance of practice in conducting research, as well as in the functioning of subjects. This method characterizes the scope of forensic science.
Among the general scientific methods distinguish:
- observation (inspection of the scene);
- description (recording in the protocol information obtained during the inspection);
- experiment (it is used to establish the essence of what is happening);
- modeling (thinking over investigative and search versions).
Mathematical methods
The forensic psychologist uses mathematical methods in professional activities:
- calculations;
- measurement of various physical characteristics, processes, objects;
- geometric constructions.
It is mathematical methods that allow criminologists to write a description of the alleged offender, to determine his height, weight.
Special methods
The psychologist-forensic scientist also uses such methods that are characteristic only for this science. For example, odorological, ballistic, traological, handwriting examinations are conducted to help identify the offender.
Among the special methods that forensics takes from other sciences, we note:
- sociological methods used in compiling the characteristics of the type of crime;
- psychological methods are needed to develop tactical, psychological methods of interrogation;
- biological methods are used in the analysis of biological species (hair, blood, particles of human body tissue) during the forensic examination of evidence found at the crime scene.
Chemical and physical methods are in demand as part of the study of materials and their properties (with their help, a technical and forensic study of documents is carried out).
Relationship with other sciences
Forensics is related to the sciences of civil and criminal procedural law, which are devoted to investigative and judicial actions.
In order for crime control measures to be effective and efficient, forensic experts will be involved in the process of investigating the crime.
Related for criminology are such sciences as administrative law, which addresses the functioning of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Without such information, it is impossible to properly conduct the procedure for the disclosure and investigation of crimes committed.
The forensic investigation of documents confirms the connection with the operational-search activity.
It is difficult to imagine modern forensics without ethics, philosophy, logic, forensic psychology.
Important facts
On the basis of philosophical categories, a general theory of forensics is formed, ideas about its methods are created, patterns of judicial research are revealed that increase the effectiveness and practical significance of forensic recommendations.
The connection with logic can be traced in the use of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, and abstraction during criminalistic scientific research. There are many points of contact between forensic science and forensic psychology, forensic chemistry, medicine, and psychiatry. They are aimed at combating crime, have similar techniques and research tools.
Conclusion
An analysis of the objective laws that make up the subject of forensics shows that all objects of cognition in this area are within the framework of legal phenomena. All the achievements of the technical and natural sciences are being introduced into forensics, which helps to improve the quality of the work of experts.
Based on the legal features of the elements of the crimes committed, criminalistic techniques for their disclosure are created. In order to identify the offender, it is important to identify the signs and elements of the act, that is what modern forensic investigators do.
The content of forensics includes general theory, private practices, and the doctrine of evidence-gathering methods.
It is customary to single out the following branches in the forensic technology: the doctrine of traces, forensic photography, registration.
Identification is the most common means of establishing objective truth in the investigation of a specific crime. Its essence is to compare the object with its images in the form of "ideal" and fixed traces left by the criminal.
Currently, identification objects are divided into two groups. The group of identifiable items includes weapons, humans, substances, tools, etc.
The group of identifiable facts includes all the features of the object in question.
These include those signs that characterize the object, can be used in the framework of identification. They characterize the size, shape, material of the analyzed object, its internal and external structure, functions, structure, composition.
Forensic experts carry out a variety of chemical studies, as a result of which they can identify the involvement (non-involvement) of a suspected person in a specific crime.
Forensic diagnostics identifies, recognizes, identifies signs that help establish the properties and conditions of objects, reproduce events, find the relationship of specific individuals with the crime under investigation.