The term "adaptation" in translation from the Latin language means "adjustment", "adaptation". What does he mean by himself? In a general sense, this concept means the adaptation of an organism, as well as of all its functions, cells and organs to changing environmental conditions.
Adaptation processes are vital for man. They allow you to maintain a balanced activity of organs, systems and mental organization of the individual in the event of changing living conditions.
Definition
Adaptation in pedagogy is the natural state of the individual, which manifests itself in the addiction (adaptation) to new activities, to changing living conditions, to emerging social contacts and changing social roles. In general, this concept is one of the main considered in scientific research of the body. The fact is that the mechanisms of this process were developed in man throughout his evolution. They allow our body to exist in ever-changing conditions.
The problem of adaptation was put forward and substantiated by J.B. Lamarck and C. Darwin. The term "adaptation" was first coined by Aubert in 1865. After that, it was widely used in biological literature. Here, by adaptation, researchers understood only one functional change in the analyzers and sensory organs. But gradually, with the development of science, the concept of adaptation began to go beyond the theory of evolution. It began to penetrate into medicine, sociology, social psychology, cybernetics. You can meet this term in other areas of cognition.
Social adaptation
What does it mean to adapt an individual to the environment? This is not only the possibility of the successful functioning of his body in changing conditions. The concept of adaptation in psychology means a person’s ability to further his social and personal development. By this is meant:
- adequate perception by the person of the surrounding reality and himself;
- normal communication system and relationships with others;
- ability to work and study, as well as to organize leisure and leisure activities;
- variability of behavior in order to meet role expectations;
- the ability to self-organize and self-service, as well as to mutual service in a collective relationship.
Socio-psychological adaptation and socialization in pedagogy are concepts that are quite close in meaning. They denote processes as interdependent, interdependent, but not identical. Socialization, on the one hand, is a mechanism for assimilating public experience. On the other hand, it represents the active reproduction and building up of interpersonal relationships and ties.
From the first days of his birth, other people surround him. Communication with them allows you to include it in social interaction. All people acquire the very first ideas about interpersonal relationships even before they master speech. It is in the process of relationships with others that we all manage to get our first social experience, which subsequently becomes an integral part of the personality. It is worth noting that socialization does not contribute to individualization. Her person acquires subjectively, experiencing situations that leave this or that trace in his psyche.
Purpose of adaptation
The process of socialization is the formation and formation of personality through the mastery of social experience. But at the same time, if we consider adaptation in psychology , this is one of the determining and leading mechanisms of socialization of a person. Moreover, the main criterion for the success of this process is not concluded at all in the degree of conformism and adaptability. Based on the definition of social adaptation in pedagogy, this is a person gaining confidence and independence, emancipation and independence, lack of integration and initiative.
The main goal of this process is not to unify a person. A person should not become an obedient executor of someone else's will. For the successful implementation of his goals, he must strive for self-realization and the development of his abilities.
Self-awareness
Adaptation in psychology is a rather complicated process. However, its study is impossible without consideration of self-identity. Indeed, it is thanks to him that the mechanism of self-determination (searching for a life position), self-realization (activity in various directions), self-affirmation (achievement of satisfaction), as well as acceptance of self-esteem is activated. Self-awareness allows the individual to know himself. In this case, the person acquires a certain integrity and identity.
It should be borne in mind that self-consciousness manifested in the course of adaptation is a controlled process. It is determined by the dynamics of the acquisition of social experience based on the conditions for the expansion of communication and the range of activities.
Despite the fact that self-awareness is considered one of the deepest intimate characteristics of a human person, only it contributes to the constant correction of a person's idea of ​​himself in comparison with the opinion that others have about him. This is especially pronounced in adolescence.
Types of adaptation
Thanks to the process of adaptation, the body begins to function optimally in an unusual environment for him. In this case, scientists distinguish two types of adaptation. The first of them is biophysiological, and the second is socio-psychological. We are interested in the second of them. He is considered as an adaptation in pedagogy. This is nothing more than a mechanism by which people acquire a certain socio-psychological status, as well as master one or another socio-psychological role-playing skills. It “turns on” at a time when a person is trying to achieve harmony between the external and internal conditions of his activity and life. The result of this is to increase the adaptability of the individual. In other words, a person becomes more adapted to new activities and living conditions.
If we consider the definition of adaptation in pedagogy, then this is nothing more than the process of interaction of the individual with the social environment, during which a person is faced with various problematic situations in the field of interpersonal relations. This allows the individual to master the norms and mechanisms of social attitudes and behavior, as well as acquire character traits that are important for his normal existence in society.
What is adaptation in pedagogy? This, by definition, is each of the stages of an individual overcoming problematic situations. Indeed, at the same time, the person uses the mechanisms and behavioral skills that he acquired at the previous stages of his socialization and development. At the same time, they are discovering new ways to solve problems, plans and programs of internal psychological processes.
An important contribution to the development of this concept in its broad sense was made by J. Piaget. He believed that adaptation in psychology and pedagogy is one of the most important processes due to which the child develops intellectually. At the same time, he identified two components of this mechanism. This is accommodation and assimilation. The first of these two components is a restructuring of mental activity. The purpose of such a process is the possibility of assimilation of newly received information. As for assimilation, it is considered the appropriation of an external event with its transformation into a mental one. In other words, adaptation in pedagogy is, firstly, the acquisition of skills, abilities and knowledge, skill and competence. Secondly, a change in a person’s mental organization affecting personal (emotions, goal-setting, motivation, etc.), as well as cognitive (perceptual, sensory, etc.) processes.
Admission to kindergarten
The kids are growing. And now comes the time when parents give them to kindergartens. Here, the child will have to survive the first significant meeting with an unfamiliar social environment. The child’s mastery of educational activities, his comfort in a child care institution, as well as health will directly depend on the successful course of this period. A direct influence on this process is exerted by various groups of factors. Let's consider them in more detail.
Physiological factors
This group includes the biological characteristics of a child of a certain age. These are his physiological and anatomical indicators, state of health, level of ability to work and fatigue. This can also include some features that are observed in the individual in the functioning of a particular body system. Some scientists believe that such a factor as heredity also affects the process of adaptation.
As individual characteristics that are considered during adaptation in personality psychology, the type of the nervous system, as well as the presence of the ability to adapt to a change in the familiar environment, is taken into account. These factors, as a rule, are the cause of the differences that occur between the processes of getting used to preschool education in different children.
Another important indicator that affects social adaptation is in pedagogy is nothing less than the age of the child at the time he enters the preschool institution. According to scientists, children from 5 to 20 months are worst adapted to changing conditions.
The effectiveness of the course of adaptation processes is also influenced by the gender of the child. According to researchers, girls are best adapted to new conditions. Boys are much more difficult to accept changes in the environment.
Individual psychological factors
This group includes the level of development of the child's intelligence, his self-esteem, emotional state, as well as the stability of certain character traits. According to scientists, admission to preschool educational institution leads to an effective sharpening of a child’s temperament. In this case, the most discomfort is felt by phlegmatic children. They adapt most quickly to the changing environment of choleric.
In addition, adaptation in pedagogy is a mechanism that is influenced by:
- the degree of attachment of the child to parents;
- the specifics of the development of the baby's communication skills;
- the tendency of the child to manifest independence;
- degree of mental development;
- existing habits.
Socio-psychological factors
In psychology and pedagogy, adaptation is a process that is influenced by:
- social settings;
- the nature of the environment of the child before entering the DOE
- the specifics of the kindergarten environment.
The presence of the above factors allows children to most effectively establish contacts in a new interpersonal interaction for them.
According to some researchers, the main criterion by which it is possible to determine the level of social adaptation in pedagogy is nothing more than the child’s absence of permanent violations in his behavior that border on a neurological disorder. If such a situation does occur, then we can say that the baby is maladaptive. He has not yet been able to adapt to the new conditions for him.
Types of socio-psychological adaptation
Considering the concept of adaptation in pedagogy, we can talk about the existence of the following:
- Progressive socio-psychological adaptation. It is characteristic of her to achieve the unity of the interests of the individual and the goals of groups of society.
- Regressive socio-psychological adaptation. This type is formal. Moreover, such an adaptation does not meet the interests of society, as well as the development of the individual and social group.
According to some psychologists, the regressive type of adaptation to new conditions does not allow an individual to self-actualize and show creative abilities given to him by nature. The socialization of personality is possible only with progressive adaptation. Otherwise, the child will develop a tendency to systematic violations of the norms of behavior, which will cause new problematic situations in life, to adapt to which the lack of experience will not allow.
Adaptation problems
The process of adaptation of children to a new environment for them at 4-5 years old has practically no differences. However, if we consider social adaptation in psychology and pedagogy for older preschoolers, this is a mechanism that significantly expands the level of problems that arise when a child develops a new living space for him. The thing is that at six years old the children are already close enough to moving to a new educational institution for them. This leads to a change in their social status, which increases the problems with adaptation. This may be connected with the development of the child’s mental apparatus. Most often, in this case, teachers note a lack of attention, hyperactivity and aggressive behavior of the student.
The problem of school adaptation in pedagogy is not a new topic. Moreover, today we can say that its relevance has grown many times over. The reason for this was globalization and mobility, political and economic changes, new approaches to the structure of the education system, etc.
Admission to school, training in it, as well as the transition from class to class require special efforts from children. However, the most acute issue of child adaptation is precisely when moving to a new educational institution for him. This is caused by the following:
- Informatization of society, the introduction of educational standards and the development of technological progress. All this greatly complicates the process of adaptation.
- The requirements of federal state educational standards. In order for the first-grader’s skills to match them, the child will need to make considerable psychological, moral and physical efforts.
- In addition to this, in addition to the usual learning skills and knowledge, young students have to achieve personal and mega-subject results. Indeed, only in this case will children meet the requirements for graduates of primary school.
- An endless stream of new information. The first grader at one moment finds himself in a new role, as well as surrounded by an unusual system of rights and obligations for him.
School adaptation in pedagogy is considered a process during which the child learns and accepts a new social situation for him, masters his new student status and acquires skills in new systems of interaction ("child - peer", "child - teacher"). At the same time, a small person begins to develop new behavioral characteristics.
If we consider the concept of school adaptation in psychology, it is worth noting that it is characterized by the following criteria:
- development by children of a new life situation for them, which they see in the unity of its elements;
- adoption by a student of a new status and social position for him;
- the restructuring of the student’s lifestyle, initiated by an adult.
At the same time, social adaptation presupposes a child’s ability:
- respond to the teacher;
- listen;
- independently perform specified exercises;
- analyze and organize tasks.
An important aspect is the ability to maintain contact with peers and give an adequate assessment, both to oneself and to others.
In the process of adapting to school, the physical preparation of the body is also important, because a rather impressive load falls on the child. His body begins to work to the limit. This causes a risk of overwork.
In addition, school adaptation in pedagogy is also considered from a psychological point of view. The degree of quick getting used to new conditions largely depends on the child’s readiness for entering school, that is, on his:
- desire to learn new knowledge and fulfill the tasks of the teacher;
- aspirations to successfully master them.
The ability to process information and memorize is also important.
Adaptation of students with developmental disabilities
According to available data, more than 80% of modern children experience learning difficulties due to various health deviations. That is why adaptation is also considered in special pedagogy. This allows us to solve the problems of a child with developmental peculiarities and to eliminate his isolation from the society in which he grows and lives.
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