Artistic means are also characteristic of colloquial speech, but in literary creation they are especially common, as they help the writer to give individual characteristics to the described phenomena and evaluate them.
First of all, paths belong to them - these are turns of speech in which words or expressions are used not in their direct meaning, but in the figurative. They are based on a comparison of a pair of such phenomena that seem close to us for some reason. So, the signs of one phenomenon characterize another, create a vivid, clear, concrete idea about it, explain it.
Paths, as artistic means, are used in the writer's speech to form new combinations of words with a new meaning. With their help, speech takes on other semantic connotations, and the author estimates the described phenomena.
There are two types of trails: complex and simple.
The simplest artistic means are epithet and comparison.
The epithet is used to characterize, define and explain any property of an object or phenomenon. This only happens when it is combined with a specific word. On it is an epithet and carries its signs. For example: silver spoons, silk curls.
Comparison gives a definition of a phenomenon by comparing it with another phenomenon that has features similar to the first. It can be expressed through words (just like, like, etc.) or indicate similarity by constructing a sentence (it looked like ...).
Sophisticated artistic means are litota, hyperbole, periphrase, synecdoch, metaphor, allegory and metonymy.
Litota is a figurative phrase that deliberately understates the strength, meaning, dimensions of the phenomenon that is being portrayed. The author resorts to this tool to make his speech more expressive. For example, an expression from fairy tales: a finger-boy.
Hyperbola is, on the contrary, an exorbitant increase in the value, strength, size of the depicted phenomenon or object. The author resorts to it in order to sharpen the image, to attract the attention of the reader.
Periphrase is the replacement of a specific name of an object or phenomenon with a description of the characteristics characteristic of it. This creates a vivid picture of life in the reader’s view.
A metaphor is one of the most used complex paths, in which the word is used in its figurative meaning to identify a phenomenon or object that is similar to it by common sides, features.
Metonymy is the replacement of the name of a phenomenon or concept with another name, but one that is nevertheless connected with the first phenomenon in the human mind. For example, from the phrase of A. S. Pushkin “All flags will be with us ...” it is clear that ships from several countries will come to the port.
The prevalence in the work of various means of the language creates features of the writer's artistic style. Also, the style of the author may consist in repeating ideas that reflect his perception of the world, in the content of the work, in a certain circle of plots and characters that he depicts most often.
The set of tools used by the author, the features of his creative manner, his worldview, his image of life - all this is due to the historical and social conditions in which he develops. Their imprint lies on the form of the work of art, and on the content.
In addition, the style refers to the features of not one author, but several. In the work of each of them the following features are repeated (and at the same time combine them): a similar understanding of life, the same ideas of works, the use of identical artistic means.
The artistic styles into which writers are grouped according to the aforementioned features are commonly called literary movements (symbolism, futurism, sentimentalism, acmeism, and others).