Evenkia is an ancient and mysterious land. Its history is part of the history of Siberia, which originates many centuries ago. What is remarkable about the Evenk Autonomous Okrug?
Geographical position
Evenk Autonomous Okrug is a territorial-administrative unit in the Russian Federation. It is part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Located in Eastern Siberia. It borders on the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and the Taimyr (Yamalo-Nenets) Autonomous District. This territory covers an area of 770 thousand square meters. km 18 thousand - so many people inhabit the Evenk Autonomous Okrug. The capital is the urban-type settlement of Tour. In addition to it, the administrative region is divided into 3 districts - Baykitsky, Ilimpiysky, Tungusko-Chuisky - and 22 rural administrations.
Among all the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in Siberia, the Evenk Autonomous Okrug has the most disadvantageous geographical position. It occupies the center of the Central Siberian plateau. The highest point of the district is Mount Kamen with a height of 1701 m. The climatic zones are very different here, as the Evenk Autonomous Okrug is significantly elongated from north to south by 1,500 km. The climate is sharply continental. The temperature in July is up to +38 º, in winter - up to -67 º. The main part of Evenkia belongs to the Far North of Russia. It is believed that this is one of the most unfavorable and extreme places for living in Russia.
One unit
On April 17, 2005, a referendum was held, as a result of which the Evenk Autonomous Okrug merged with the Krasnoyarsk Territory. On January 1, 2007, he received a new status. Since that time, it has become a municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The Taimyr (Yamalo-Nenets) district ceased to exist. He, like the Evenki Autonomous Region, merged with the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Resources
The main resources of this part of Siberia are hydrocarbons - oil and gas. The region is also rich in gold, diamonds, graphite, coal, phosphate raw materials and platinoids. Promising are deposits of rare and non-ferrous metals. There are reserves of gems, copper-nickel and iron ores.
Flora
Evenkia is the most beautiful place in our country, but for many it remains inaccessible and unknown, like space. It's all about harsh climatic conditions and remoteness from big cities. Therefore, a rare tourist decides to visit the Evenki Autonomous Region. Photos taken by travelers give us the opportunity to at least look at the nature of this region. Vast territories are occupied by Arctic ice, but there are forest-tundra, taiga and mountain forests. There are many lakes, almost all of them are of glacial origin: this is Vivi Lake, Essay, Agata, Dupkun. About a quarter of the district’s area is located beyond the Arctic Circle, there is permafrost. In the rest, vegetation is represented by forests. In the south it is spruce and cedar; to the north they are replaced by larch woodlands. On the slopes of the mountains is the tundra of mosses and lichens. On the territory of Evenkia there are two reserves - Putoransky and Tungusky.
Fauna
Severe climatic conditions nevertheless allow persistent residents to engage in fishing. Sables, ermines, and silver-black foxes are found here. They are mined to obtain hides in the fur trade. There are a lot of fish in the waters, wild reindeer in the taiga, and other animals in the forests. Here you can meet a brown bear, Siberian and Arctic wolves, squirrels, American mink, lynx, muskrat, white fox.
Population
About 18 thousand people now inhabit this region. Its capital is the village of Tours. Evenk Autonomous Okrug has a very low population density - about 0.03 people per 1 sq. Km. km The level of officially recorded unemployment is low - about 4%. The economically active population is 9 thousand, which is about 1/3 of all residents. 62% are of working age, 12% are older than this age, and 26% are younger. There are more women in Evenkia than men: 53% against 47. The main part of the population is rural residents - 71%, urban population - 29%. The ethnic composition of Evenkia is as follows:
- Russians - 60%
- Evenki - 21%
- Yakuts - 5%,
- Evens - 4.5%.
- Ukrainians 3%,
- others - 6.5%.
Economy
The lion's share of the entire industry of Evenkia, more than 97%, is 3 industries:
The fuel industry is represented by oil and gas production. Five deposits were discovered here with reserves of these resources. Their total volume is estimated at 1.1 billion tons. The largest enterprises are OAO NK Yukos, OAO Krasnoyarskgazprom, OAO Yeniseyneftegaz. The total share of the fuel industry in the national economy is more than 50%.
The electric power complex occupies 25% of the district’s economy. Power plants generate energy using diesel fuel. The largest of them are State Unitary Enterprise "Varanavaenergo", OGUP "Ilimpiyskie Electric Networks", State Unitary Enterprise "Baykitsky District Industrial Enterprise of Public Utilities".
In the industrial production of Evenkia, the food industry occupies almost 20%. They are mainly engaged in the production of bakery products.
To a greater extent, not even agriculture was developed, but forestry and fur trade. Reindeer husbandry, hunting, pig breeding, dairy cattle breeding are widespread.
History
Evenki, the people from ancient times inhabiting these places, used to occupy vast areas of Siberia - from the Ob River from the west to the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk in the east, from the Arctic to the Angara. How could they, with a rather modest number, populate such territories of Siberia? The thing is that, doing reindeer husbandry, fishing and hunting, Evenki led a nomadic lifestyle. In addition to such mobility, the peculiarity of this people of the north was its easy adaptation to new living conditions and different climates. At the same time, they adapted themselves to a different way of life and economy.
The history of this area as an administrative district begins in 1930. Then the Soviet government began to form national districts. The main task was to develop these territories, combat the illiteracy of distant native peoples, and raise the economy and culture of the local population. Later, this period, historians noted as a sharp change in the status of the region. Local residents from the semi-feudal hinterland were transported to the era of industrialization.
The development of the north began with the construction of the Turin Cultural Base. Evenki, who knew only how to manage reindeer teams and find animals in their wake, learned to grow wheat, potatoes, vegetables, were able to engage in animal husbandry. Of course, this is the merit of the Soviet pioneers who brought knowledge and experience to these parts. In 1927, the first hospital in Evenkia, an elementary school, was built. They began to carry out the certification of the population. And already in 1930, compulsory primary education for people was introduced. Then they began to improve the district. Wooden sidewalks appeared, a square was erected around the Tura administration, planted with trees. In 1938, the post office appeared. In 1968, the helicopter Evenki Autonomous Region saw for the first time.
Time has changed now, but it’s still hard to imagine the life of these places without air links. The main feature is the huge remoteness of settlements from each other. Products and material supplies, passengers, shift workers and hunters are also being delivered through the air, and communications are being made with reindeer herders.
In 1933, the first newspaper was published in Evenkia. It was printed with great difficulty, in the absence of electricity, the Evenkiki editors manually twisted the wheel of a typewriter. So the inhabitants of Evenkia began to receive news from the pages of the print publication.
Peaceful life was violated in 1941. Then 1816 people went to defend their homeland, this is a fifth of the population of those years. 306 residents did not return from the battlefields. After the war, they all together restored the country's economy. Russians, Evenks and other nationalities worked on collective farms, engaged in reindeer husbandry, livestock, hunting, fishing, hunting and fur trade. The personnel policy of the Soviets leaned towards the local human resource.
By 1950, most of the leadership positions were occupied by people from Evenkia. Since the 1970s, research has been actively conducted aimed at the search for minerals. At the same time, residential buildings were being built rapidly by the hands of geologists and oil workers. Since 1968, culture has reached a new level. More and more, Soviet cinema began to appeal to the local population. In 1975, television appeared in Evenkia. The collapse of the Soviet Union affected the life of the district. All well-coordinated industries began to fall apart.
Kitchen
Each nation has its own national cuisine, which can tell a lot about the history of the area and the people. Evenki have long been engaged in fishing and hunting. Usually they got as much fish and game as needed for food. And only a small part was left for future use. And now Evenki dishes are prepared from venison, bear meat, and fish. Here are some popular traditional dishes of national cuisine:
- Tyhemin. This is a fish soup cooked with caviar. It is ground to a homogeneous mass, then added to boiling water, crushed fish, salt and spices are put there.
- Yukola Evenki. This is a traditional smoked fish dish. For its preparation, the head and the ridge are removed, gutted. Then cut the fish into thin long layers, make cuts from the inside. Then they smoked around the fire under a closed canopy, after which they are still dried in the sun. They eat such fish with tea.
- Sun-dried goose. For preparation, a wild goose carcass was taken, plucked, gutted, removed skin and large bones. Then they made incisions on the breast and stretched on a special canopy in a blown place. Such meat was used in the winter for cooking both soups and second courses.
- Beef Roast. The meat is cut into small flat slices with layers of fat. Fry in a pan, then add onions and potatoes. Serve hot.
- Korczak. This is a dish of deer milk. It is very oily, so it is well whipped in a thick foam when chilled. Korczak decided to eat along with a cake with tea.
The most interesting
- The area of Evenkia is comparable with the territory of such states as Turkey and Chile.
- The geographical center of Russia is Lake Vivi, more precisely, its southeastern shore. It received this status after the collapse of the USSR, when borders changed and new coordinates were established. They were determined by academician Peter Bakut. On August 27, 1992 a monument was erected here with a height of 7 m.
- The absolute point of cold in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is Tembenchi, the temperature in winter here is up to minus 70 º.
- In 1908, the Tunguska meteorite fell in these places.
- An amazing subject is the Evenki Autonomous Region. There are no cities here. Only 1 urban-type settlement is the capital of Tura, the rest are small rural settlements: Baykit, Burny, Kuyumba, Miryuga, Osharovo, Polygus, Suromai, Surinda, Kislokan, Nidym, Uchiami, Vanavara, etc.
- Time in Evenkia is Krasnoyarsk: it differs by +7 hours from UTC and by +4 hours from Moscow.