The most important direct regulators of economic processes taking place in the country are federal and regional target programs. They represent a coordinated set of design, research, production, organizational, economic and other activities carried out with the support of the state, coordinated in terms, resources and contractors.
Federal and regional target programs
For many decades, from the 20s of the last century, drawing up business plans was widespread in the USSR. Together with them, comprehensive, including regional target programs, were developed. Currently, they provide a solution to problems in the scientific, technical, economic, socio-cultural, environmental spheres. Federal targeted regional development programs are aimed at implementing public sector policies with state support. Today they are quite common, and their number is constantly growing. Targeted programs at the regional level are distinguished by pronounced territorial characteristics, the specificity of information sources and the composition of participants. Their role is to integrate individual, collective, state interests in a market economy, mobilize forces for major projects.
Specificity
Regional target programs are used as an instrument of direct state influence on a market economy within a specific territory. This management method acts as one of the most important means of influencing problem areas: mastered, depressed. Along with this, the regional target programs of Russia are being successfully implemented in relatively well-off territories. And in fact, and in another case, the solution of both current and upcoming tasks is provided. An example is the regional target programs of the Leningrad region. Currently, the authorities are focusing on improving the quality of life and the state of the economy of St. Petersburg. In particular, programs are being developed to create conditions for attracting labor resources to the city.
The essence of new projects
Targeted regional and municipal programs being developed today embody the complex of a “free market” and a “hard plan”. Within the framework of the projects, strict lines of business are set. Moreover, the stimulation and implementation of targeted programs are carried out on a commercial basis. Methods of attracting performers and methods of resource allocation are based on the principles of voluntariness, collective and individual interest. Equally important is material incentive. Regional target programs imply targeted and mandatory execution of planned activities by all participants. They are secured by business contracts, combined with a set of economic incentives, and not by policy assignments, as it was before.
Problem selection
By preparing regional target programs, developers solve a number of methodological problems. The main one relates to the choice of problem. In modern conditions, the tasks of territorial and national economic development change quite quickly. Moreover, the available financial and other resources are always limited. The criteria for choosing a problem are:
- The significance of the issue for the national and territorial economy, the relationship with structural transformations, strengthening the efficiency of the economic system, improving the quality of life of citizens, ensuring rational use of natural resources and environmental safety, etc.
- The multifaceted and intersectoral nature of the problem, the availability of decision makers and the need to coordinate their work. In a nutshell, this criterion can be defined as the complexity and complexity of the issue.
- Progressiveness and novelty of organizational, technical and other events, expected high rates.
Additional signs
The criteria mentioned above also include the difficulty or impossibility of solving the problem within a reasonable time using the market mechanism and the need to attract state support. However, according to experts, this symptom is controversial, since complex and urgent problems can be solved exclusively by program methods and with the participation of the authorities.
Goal Definition
This is a fairly responsible task. The clear target nature of the program is expressed in the strict orientation of each event and the use of any resource, as well as the activities of all participants. The main task is brought to specific targeted tasks. When developing, it is recommended to use a graphoanalytical approach. With its help, the goal is divided into tasks by levels. Their quantitative assessment is carried out using relative indicators to meet the needs of the territory. Meanwhile, the reliability of this approach remains in question.
In practice, when developing projects, it is rarely used. In addition, not all cases can be defined regulatory indicators. As an alternative, socio-economic indicators can be used. They indirectly express the levels of performance of certain tasks. For example, regional target programs for maintaining public health as indicators can use the average duration of active professional activity, life, etc.
Efficiency mark
The effectiveness of the development and subsequent implementation of the program is expressed by specific outcome indicators. The analysis of the relationship between them and expenditures is reflected in the private and general values of economic, comparative and absolute efficiency (the volume of national income per person, the proportionality of consumption and accumulation funds, etc.). Private indicators characterize the level of resource use: capital, capital, material output, and so on. If we take into account domestic and foreign practice, the specifics of adaptation to market conditions, depending on the type of program to analyze its effectiveness, as a rule, it is recommended to use different values. Among them: the size of the unit investment, labor productivity, payback period , etc. In the analysis, one can also use the volumes of production of key products, commissioning of non-production facilities and production capacities, indicators of scientific and technological development, import and resource substitution.
Features indicators
The importance of using different indicators in programs is obvious. But at the same time, cross-cutting values should be present among them in the first place. With their help, programs and totals are compared across the country as a whole. In addition, it is necessary to use macroeconomic indicators. Some programs may require a set point system. In market conditions, quantitative assessments of the results of commercial activities become most relevant.
Nuance
Meanwhile, for macroeconomic analysis, it is necessary to identify national economic performance. The requirement of national expediency must be observed when determining the entire system of indicators. For example, one cannot limit oneself to the capital turnover ratio in the developed territories, since this can lead to the creation of an industry structure that will not meet the specifics and needs of the regions, as well as the long-term interests of the state.
Event specifics
The regional program may include a set of measures to improve the economy and social sphere. For example, they include meeting the needs for fuel and energy resources, regulating tariffs, eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, and so on. As the next stage, measures can be taken to stabilize the situation. Among them:
- Reducing the fuel and energy deficit.
- Overcoming stagnation in industries.
- The consolidation of new economic ties.
- Formation of conditions for economic growth.
At the next stage, the revitalization of the economic complex can be carried out. As part of this activity, efforts are focused on issues of structural adjustment and sustainable development. Key events may include:
- Expansion of transport infrastructure.
- A comprehensive solution to energy problems.
- Expanding the export potential of the territory.
Within all stages it is necessary to ensure:
- Prevention of outflow of citizens.
- Securing skilled workers. This is ensured by state assistance in the field of employment and social protection.
- Conservation of nature and rational use of natural resources.
Conclusion
The implementation of regional targeted programs is of the greatest practical importance for the population. In some cases, there is a need for a phased solution of the tasks of accelerated development, advancing, adequate strengthening of infrastructure, improving the quality of life of citizens. In small areas, the range of problems may be limited, for example, to activities in the agro-industrial and construction complexes, the sphere of arranging the border territory and social services. In any program, a separate section is reserved for financing issues. For the implementation of activities attracted funds from budgets and extra-budgetary funds. However, most of the financing is provided by private investors.
The complexes of activities included in the programs are usually considered in several ways. For example, the formation of the transport complex can be represented in the scenario of using the existing infrastructure and its active improvement. Meanwhile, according to some experts, there are currently too many programs. Many of them are subject to constant adjustment. At the same time, their goals and content are violated. There is also a financing problem that negatively affects the program implementation process.