Beams are used in construction for the assembly of roofs, floors, floors, etc. There are a variety of types. The most durable type is the I-beam - a special design, in cross section repeating the letter "H". This building material can be made of metal or wood.
Metal I-beam
When producing this type of rolled steel, both carbon and low alloy steel can be used. I-beams are used in many areas of civil and industrial construction. Usually this material is used if it is necessary to give the frame of the structure or any of its parts increased strength and rigidity. There are I-beams welded and manufactured by hot rolling. The latter are most popular.
In addition to strength, this material has another advantage. I- beams of overlapping are very steady against temperature fluctuations. Therefore, they are often used also in the construction of unheated rooms.
Scope of application
Basically, an I-beam, the dimensions of which can be different, is used in construction in the construction of floors of industrial and civil buildings. Also, this type of rental is often used in the assembly of bridges and for reinforcing mines. This material is very widely used in car building and the automotive industry.
Types of I-Beams
This type of rental is classified not only by the method of manufacture, but also by design features. The I-beam can have both parallel shelves, and located at an angle. In the latter case, the rental is divided into:
- special,
- usual (with a slope of shelves from 6 to 12%).
Special I-beam (GOST 19425-74), in turn, are classified into:
- intended for reinforcing mine shafts (marked with the letter "C");
- used in the manufacture of suspension tracks (letter "M").
Beams with parallel shelves (GOST 26020-83) are divided into:
- normal (marked "B"),
- wide shelving (W),
- columned (K).
Also, metal I-beams can vary in the thickness of the shelves and walls.
I-beam: dimensions
The cross-sectional height of this type of rental can also be different. This indicator is regulated by GOSTs, and it can be determined by the number of the beam. So, material with a height of 140 mm will be marked as 14, in 360 mm - 36, etc.
The specific dimensions of the structural elements of this type of rental are determined by special tables. From them you can find out the weight of an I-beam.
Legend:
- b is the width of the shelf
- t is its average thickness,
- S is the wall thickness
- h is the height of the I-beam,
- R is the radius of the inner curve,
- R is the radius of curvature of the shelf.
I-beam wooden
This type of building material, like metal, is characterized by increased strength and excellent performance. The lintel of an I-beam wooden beam is most often made of plywood or OSB, the shelves are of planed lumber. There is also a glued variety. In this case, a multilayer veneer acts as ribs. Glued I-beams are less susceptible to decay. In addition, they are more fire resistant.
I-beams made of wood are connected to each other with special brackets. The latter consist of parallel metal plates and a fixing device. Fasteners can have different sizes. If necessary, it will be easy to choose an option that is ideally suited to the height of this particular beam.
Scope of use
I-beam wooden beam is used mainly in the construction of frame-panel buildings. Also, this material often serves as a support for the floors of brick, block and monolithic concrete houses. The floors laid on the logs of this type are characterized by increased rigidity, do not creak and never bend.
When erecting the roofs of large buildings from I-beams, rafters and skates can be made. This relatively new material can successfully replace the traditionally used for this purpose wooden timber, metal molds, reinforced concrete slabs. Typically, the manufacturer gives a guarantee for I-beams for the entire service lines of the building itself.
Material advantages
The advantages of an I-beam wooden beam has many. This material is distinguished by such qualities as:
- Strength. I-beams can be installed in very long openings.
- Shape stability. Such beams do not bend and are not subject to shrinkage and deformation.
- Convenience in installation. This building material can be processed with ordinary carpentry tools.
- Universality. You can use beams with two shelves for the construction of floors, floors, walls, roofs, etc.
- Ease. The weight of an I-beam made of wood is only 3-4 kg. For lifting such an element, for example, to the roof does not require special equipment. Only two people can do this.
- Low cost.
Material dimensions
When erecting buildings, a different I-beam can be used. Its dimensions, most often used in construction, are as follows:
- length - 241, 302, 356, 406 mm,
- shelf width - 64 mm,
- shelf thickness - 38 mm.
Since this material is often used in the assembly of floors in very wide openings, it sometimes has to be increased. According to SNiP this is allowed. At the junction of the two beams, the locks are filed. Additional fastening is made on bolts.
In general, the building material is very durable and high-quality - I-beam wooden beams. GOST, as in the case of the metal variety, regulates the ratio of the height and size of the elements of this type of support. You can see them in special tables.
How to make an I-beam at home
If desired, such a design can be made at home. To do this, you need two bars with a cross section of at least 35x25 mm. The jumper is made of plywood or OSB. You will also need an electric or chainsaw. The work is performed in the following order:
- First, a furrow with a depth of 10% of the height of the lintel is cut in the bars along their entire length.
- Then they are cut into pieces of the required length and polished.
- Then glue is applied to the bottom of each furrow.
- The joining of the beams in pairs using plywood or OSB.
At the final stage, the finished beam must be put under the press. You can also make it yourself. For this, a channel is used. They are installed above the shelves and pulled together with carabiners or belts.
A building material made in this way will cost much less than a purchased I-beam. The price of the latter may fluctuate around 200-250 rubles. Self-assembled will cost 1.5-3 times cheaper.
I-Beams
Building material of this type also has increased strength. An I-beam aluminum is usually made of AD31 alloy . This variety is most often used in the construction of houses. Aluminum beams are also made of alloy 1915. This type is characterized by increased strength. Aluminum beams are stronger than wood and lighter than steel.
Varieties of material
There are aluminum I-beams:
The coating of the material can be varnish, anodized, powder, electrophoresis, two-layer complex. According to the conditions of use, aluminum I-beams, like steel, can be divided into wide-shelf, columned and normal. The marking in this case is the same.
Dimensions
The I-beam aluminum beam can also have different sizes. Dimensions in this case are determined by GOST. Marking is accordingly carried out. The height of the aluminum beam can vary from 10 to 100 cm. In the first case, the shelf according to GOST will have a width of 55 mm, a thickness of 4.5 mm. You can determine the ratio of parameters in each case from the tables.