The Arab caliphate was a theocratic Muslim state that arose as a result of the conquests of Muslims led by the caliph in the 7th-9th centuries. Its original core was created in the form of a community by the prophet Muhammad in Western Arabia in Hijaz in the 7th century. The result of numerous Muslim conquests was the creation of a huge state, which included the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq. It included a large part of Transcaucasia and Central Asia. It also included the lands of Egypt, North Africa, Syria and Palestine, covered a significant part of the Iberian Peninsula and one of the four provinces of Pakistan - the land of the Sindhs. So vast was the state of the Arab caliphate. The history of its creation is directly related to the influence of the caliphs (heirs or governors).
During the time of the Arab caliphate, the heyday of Islamic culture and science took place, it was the Golden Age of Islam. The date of its foundation is 632. Consider the era of the first 4 caliphs who followed the “right path”. The Arab caliphate included the following rulers: Abu Bakr (his reign lasted from 632 to 634), Umar (634-644), Usman, who ruled for the next 12 years (656), Ali (656 to 661) and further domination of the Umayyad dynasty, which lasted from 661 to 750.
This empire, formed in less than 100 years, was larger than the Roman in size. After the death of Muhammad, there were prerequisites for its collapse and the collapse of the successes of Islam that were obtained thanks to him. After his death, almost all of Arabia departed from this belief, with the exception of Mecca, Medina and Taif.
The Prophet did not leave an heir after himself and a debate broke out about a successor between the Medins and the Meccans. After discussions, the Caliph put forward Abu Bakr, who managed to return to the Arab caliphate and Islam, and divided Arabia. After pacifying the rebellion of the Arabs, Bakra continued the policy of Muhammad and waged a war against Iranian and Byzantine possessions. Towards the end of his life, he commanded Arabia, Babylonia, Syria, Mesopotamia, western Iran, Bark, Egypt and Tripoli.
Usman conquered Cyprus, Eastern Iran, the Carthage region, expanding the Arab caliphate. Due to the civil strife of the Arabs that arose in connection with the assassination of Usman, some border areas were eliminated.
Ali was killed during the “palace coup”, and the Umayyads came to power. Under them, a hereditary monarchy entrenched in a state with an elected government.
The conquests of the first caliphs were successful due to the weakness of the opponents, since no one opposed the Arabs. The local population because of hatred of the Greeks often called and helped the Arabs themselves. The Greeks never once allowed them to conquer Asia Minor, and under Constantinople the Arabs suffered defeats.
In the conquered lands, where the Arab caliphate spread, history characterizes the style of government under Umar as a militant church. Under Usman, the Arabs were allowed to own the conquered lands, which led to landlord activity. The religious character changed with the advent of the Umayyads. From the church-religious community, led by the spiritual head, there was a transformation into a secular and political power.
The next Abbasid dynasty is noted as tyrannical, bloody and accompanied by heartless cruelty. The people witnessed hypocrisy, and insidiousness manifested stealthily, in the form of reprisals against restless citizens. This dynasty was characterized by madness, and a torture system was introduced under it. Despite this, the ruling circles were considered brilliant politicians, under whom finances were brilliantly conducted.
The culture of the Arab caliphate and its development during this period were strongly encouraged, science and medicine developed. This was facilitated by the talented Vizier family, which ruled until 803, and which Harun overthrew. Family members for 50 years maintained a balance between Arabs and Persians, created a political fortress and restored Sassanian life.
Under the Abbasids, the culture of the Arab caliphate was developed thanks to peaceful relations with neighbors, exchange trade. Luxury goods, silk fabrics, weapons, jewelry , embroideries on leather and canvas, carpets, carved bones were produced. In those years, mosaic, chasing, engraving, earthenware and glass products became widespread. Persia influenced Arabic poetry, the emergence of proper historiography, and scientific Arabic philology. In those years, Arabic grammar was created, and literature was collected.