Areas of the Far North are areas with a special difficult climate for living and working.
Far North Regions : Terrain Features
The unique Far North is one of the few territories of the whole world where wild natural landscapes with their enormous biological diversity for the northern latitudes are still preserved on vast areas. Therefore, one of the priority areas of Russia's environmental policy is to preserve the unusual virgin nature of the Arctic and the North.
The peculiarity of these places is that the main feeding and labor force are deer. Life without them in the tundra is unthinkable. Local residents are engaged in hunting, reindeer husbandry, fishing.
The most northern regions of Russia
In accordance with the law of the Russian Federation, areas with difficult climatic conditions are identified.
List of regions of the Far North:
- Islands and seas in the Arctic Ocean.
- Islands of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering.
- Arkhangelsk region (Solovetsky Islands, Nenets Okrug, Severodvinsk, Mezensky, Pinezhsky, Leshukonsky districts).
- Irkutsk region (Katanga district).
- Kamchatka Krai.
- Karelia (Kostomuksha, Kalevalsky, Kemsky, Belomorsky, Loukhsky districts).
- Komi (Vorkuta, Inta, Usinsk, Ust-Tsilemsky, Pechora and Izhemsky areas).
- Krasnoyarsk Territory (Igarka, Norilsk, Dudinka, Evenki, North Yenisei, Taimyr, Turukhansk, Dolgan-Nenets regions).
- Magadan Region.
- Murmansk region.
- Sakhalin region (Okha, Kuril, Nogliki, South Kuril, Okha, North Kuril regions).
- Tuva (Tojinsky, Mongun-Taiginsky districts, Shynaan administration).
- Tyumen region (Berezovsky, Beloyarsky districts, Yamalo-Nenets district).
- Khabarovsk Territory (Okhotsk and Ayano-May districts).
- Chukotka district.
- Sakha (Yakutia).
The list of regions of the Far North is compiled on the basis of the presence of difficult climatic conditions of living and working in them. Residents and workers of these regions are granted certain benefits in order to compensate for moral and physical harm.
Climate-related areas in the Far North
The list of areas equated to areas of the Far North:
- Altai (Ulagansky, Kosh-Agachsky districts).
- Amur Region (Zeya, Tynda, Zeysky, Tyndinsky, Selemdzhinsky districts).
- Buryatia (Bauntovsky, Barguzinsky, Evenki, North Baikal, Kurumkansky, Okinsky, Muisky districts).
- Arkhangelsk region (Kotlas, Arkhangelsk, Koryazhma, Novodvinsk, Mirny, Onega, Velsky, Verkhnetoyemsky, Konoshsky, Kotlassky, Vilegodsky, Vinogradovsky, Krasnoborsky, Kargopolsky, Lensky, Nyandomsky, Plesetskiy, Onega, Primorsky, Shenkursky, Nyorskiy, Ustyansky, Ustyansky, )
- Irkutsk region (Ust-Kut, Bratsk, Nizhneilimsky Ust-Ilimsk, Bodaibo, Kirensky, Kazachinsko-Lensky, Bodaibo, Ust-Kut, Mamsk-Chuy, Bratsk, Ust-Ilim regions).
- Transbaikalia (Kalarsky, Tungokochensky, Tungiro-Olekminsky districts).
- Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Sortavala, Kondopoga, Segezha, Olonets, Pitkyarantsky, Lakhdenpohsky, Medvezhyegorsky, Pryazhinsky, Muezersky, Prionezhsky, Pudozhsky, Suoyarva regions).
- Krasnoyarsk Territory (Yeniseisk, Lesosibirsk, Motyginsky, Boguchansky, Yenisei, Kezhemsky areas).
- Komi (Syktyvkar, Pechora, Ukhta, Vuktylsky, Princely Pogost Koygorodsky, Sosnogorsk, Ust-Kulomsky, Syktyvdinsky, Ust-Vymsky, Kortkerossky, Troitsko-Pechora, Priluzsky, Sysolsky, Udorsky districts, s.)
- Perm Territory (Gaynsky, Kochevsky, Kosinsky Districts, Komi-Permyatsky District).
- Primorsky Territory (Kavalerovsky, Dalnegorsky, Terneysky, Olginsky districts, Boguslavets, East, Vostretsovo, Roshchino, Izmailikh, Taiga, Dalniy Kut, Mill, Youth).
- Tomsk region (Kolpashevo, Strezhevoy, Parabelsky, Aleksandrovsky, Bakcharsky, Kargasoksky, Verkhneketsky, Kolpashevsky, Krivosheinsky, Molchanovsky, Teguldetsky, Chaysky districts).
- Sakhalin region (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Uglegorsk, Kholmsky, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Anivsky, Poronaysky, Nevelsky, Smirnykhovsky, Dolinsky, Makarovsky, Korsakovsky, Tomarinsky, Tymovsky districts, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsky district).
- Tyumen region (Yugra, Uvat region).
- Tuva (Kyzyl, Bai-Taiginsky, Ovursky, Chedi Kholsky, Barun-Khemchiksky, Piy-Khemsky, Erzinsky, Dzun-Khemchiksky, Kyzylsky, Kaa-Khemsky, Tandinsky, Ulug-Khemsky, Sut-Kholsky, Chaa-Kholsky, Tes -Khemsky districts).
- Khabarovsk Territory (Amursk, Sovetskaya Gavan, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Elban village, Achan, Voznesenskoye, Juen, Ommi; Ulchsky, Padali-Vaninsky, Komsomolsky, Solnechny, Sovetsk-Gavanskiy, Tuguro- Chumikan, Nikolaev, Verkhnebureinsky, them.Polina Osipenko areas).
The list of regions equated to the regions of the Far North is huge and covers a large part of the northern and eastern parts of Russia.
Work in the Far North
The regions of the Far North of Russia are distinguished by the specific nature of labor.
Many of the most remote northern regions of Russia, and especially the regions in the Far North, are very rich in various natural resources. This is especially true for gold, coal, oil, natural gas, peat, tin, oil shale and diamonds. The most voluminous in production are oil and associated gas.
Work in the North is compounded by harsh climate conditions. The work here is very diverse: drilling, development, welding, construction, installation, pipeline, cargo transportation, etc.
Law on the Far North, guarantees from the state, benefits
All living and working people in areas with an unfavorable climate are granted benefits on the basis of Federal Law No. 122 (dated August 24, 2004).
Regions of the Far North of the Russian Federation thanks to this law are provided with the opportunity to compensate workers in harsh weather conditions and stimulate their work.
The system of such benefits includes:
- privileges applicable to all without exception working in the High North and in equivalent places;
- benefits only for certain workers.
Benefits related to the first group are: monthly allowances for wages, additional leave, benefits for determining state old-age pensions, bonuses for temporary incapacity for work, various benefits for purchasing a home.
Federal Law of 02.19.1993 N 4520-1 "On State Guarantees and Compensations ..." is valid for all persons working either self-employed temporarily or permanently in organizations existing in the Far North, as well as people living in these areas (list areas of the Far North are described above).
Fringe benefits
Benefits additionally provided only to certain categories of people in the Far North: reimbursement of expenses when moving to a place of residence after termination of work, lump-sum allowance for drawing up the next labor contract for a new term, reservation of old housing, accrual of preferential length of service when assigning a pension, benefits for all family members and many other
The regions of the Far North and areas equated to the Far North are attractive for work in the sense that they provide additional leave: 24 days in the Far North and 16 days in the regions equated to it, in the remaining Northern regions - 8 days.
It is possible to combine holidays, but no more than 2. It should be noted that once every 2 years the period of time on the way to the place of rest and back during the vacation is not included in the annual vacation period and the fare is paid by the enterprise itself.
Peoples of the Far North
The North of Russia is rich not only in natural resources, but also in peoples with their peculiar traditions and way of life.
The areas of the Far North and areas equated to the Far North are populated by people of different nationalities.
The indigenous people of the northern regions of Russia are the peoples of the North, Far East and Siberia: numerous Buryats, Yakuts, Karelians, Tuvans, Komi. There are also small nationalities, the number of which is about 50 thousand people. The list of regions equated to the regions of the Far North is large. It covers the settlements of most of the north of Russia. In addition to the indigenous population, people of different nationalities live and work here.
Indigenous people
The endless expanses of the tundra are inhabited by the most enduring and strong peoples of the North. It has long been living and working here, engaged in hunting and fishing of the Chukchi, Eskimos, Koryaks, Aleuts, Nenets, Evenks, Sami, Nganasans, etc. In total there are no more than 300 thousand people left.
On the Alaska Peninsula, the Eskimos live along the Yukon River . Previously, they lived in warmer southern latitudes, but were gradually driven out by Indian tribes to the very edge of the Earth.
Nenets, Chukchi, Sami, Eskimos, Nanai, Koryaks, Evenks, and other small peoples living in the Russian tundra are trying to preserve their traditional crafts and economy. Most of them lead a nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle.
Features of locals
The Chukchi belong to the race of the Mongols (Arctic species). Their native language is Chukchi. It is gradually lost, being replaced by Russian. The experience of their ancestors taught these people how to make comfortable objects for life - yaranga (clothes suitable for sleeping right on the snow) and torbasa boots (light and very warm from kamus). The same ancestors taught the Chukchi not to wash themselves. For what? There are a lot of ultraviolet rays in these areas, and the fatty layer on the skin helps protect the face from dangerous burns, so they rarely wash themselves. The life of these people does not seem without deer. They are their food, home, clothing, vehicle.
The traditional housing of the indigenous inhabitants of the northernmost regions of Russia is the plague constructed from deer skins. The Eskimos also have a dwelling made of snow - an igloo.
Providing northerners with a pension
Citizens of the Far North (equivalent territories), and regardless of place of residence, are granted the right:
• for early retirement;
• to increase the amount of old-age pensions, survivors and disabilities.
Pensions are granted to men 55 years old and women 50 years old, provided that they have 15 years of work experience in the Far North or at least 20 years in equivalent areas (the list of districts equivalent to the Far North is attached above).
Women of 50 years of age who had given birth to two or more children by this time, under certain conditions of seniority, also have the right to early retirement pension.
Housing, relocation
Resettlement from areas of the Far North is carried out under the Program for the provision of subsidies for the purchase of housing by citizens leaving these areas. This is regulated by laws:
• Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated October 25, 2002 No. 125;
• Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated July 17, 2011 No. 212.
They stipulate the conditions for the provision of subsidies and the procedure for determining their size for the purchase of residential premises by workers of the Far North.
Resettlement from the Far North is carried out systematically according to the State Program.
The above list of regions equated to the Far North demonstrates Russia's great potential to use these lands as a springboard for various experiments. Enormous potentials are hidden behind the inaccessibility of these lands in connection with vast areas of land and their wealth.