Sewer septic tank is designed to collect natural organic waste, sort, filter and prepare for disposal. This node is the penultimate link in front of the underground sewage system in the autonomous system. The choice of the type of treatment plant is influenced by the number of consumers, the number of waste disposal facilities, and the seasonality of the construction.
General information on the topic
A septic septic tank provides the comfort of living in your own house or cottage. The construction provides consumers with hygiene, waste water and does not pollute the environment.
The more complicated the design of the septic tank, the more efficient its operation and waste treatment. The device in question, as well as its installation, can be ordered from specialized companies. Alternatively, the structure is available to make and install on their own. To do this, you need to know the device and the principle of operation of autonomous sewage. This will help not only during the installation of the structure, but will also help to navigate in unforeseen situations in case of disruption of the functioning of the structure.
Autonomous sewer septic tanks include:
- internal and external piping;
- one or more tanks.
An analogue of this structure is a cesspool. Consider the main differences between these two types of domestic sewage.
What is the difference between a septic tank and a drain pit?
The cesspool also serves to collect wastewater generated during the course of life. The simplest sewer septic tank practically does not differ from it, it is created from brick or concrete, but it has a bottom, which reduces the negative impact on soil composition and the environment.
More complex models provide multi-level cleaning, exclude the release of unpleasant odors into the air. Units differ in several ways:
- Material of manufacture (metal, concrete, plastic).
- The principle of operation (deep bio-treatment, accumulative type, without bottom).
- By arrangement (vertically or horizontally).
Sewer septic device
Most of the structures under consideration are equipped with at least two working chambers. The first compartment serves for settling wastewater, as a result of which heavy particles settle in the lower part, and light fats and oils with liquid form on top. Partially purified water enters the second chamber for subsequent purification through an overflow connecting pipe.
The second tank usually contains special microorganisms of the anaerobic type, which accelerate the decomposition of waste. Exhaust gases are discharged through the exhaust pipe to the surface. This part of the structure must be at least 500 millimeters above the ground. Subsequent cleaning depends on the modification of the septic tank. Some multisectional models output almost pure water, which can be used for technical needs.
In simple versions, the spent liquid must be discharged to special sites that are not suitable for growing edible crops. These territories can be exploited for the construction of flower beds or lawns.
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Sewer septic tanks for a private house are equipped with one or more containers, are made of several types of materials, which have their minuses and pluses. Metal products are not very resistant to corrosion processes. Plastic analogues are easier to mount, but they are not stable.
Polymer models must be constantly adjusted in plan and profile, until they are completely filled with soil. It happens that the enemy of the owners of plastic septic tanks are rodents, managing to gnaw holes in them. The best option is a fiberglass structure. The main difference between autonomous sewers is the technical and functional features.
Selection Criteria and Installation
Before purchasing a sewer septic tank, you need to decide on a number of parameters:
- How will residents live in the house regularly?
- The category of soil and the nuances of groundwater flows.
- Financial opportunities.
- The number of people and equipment that discharges waste water.
If the soil belongs to a low category, it is advisable to install a septic tank sewer system in the warm season. The minimum distance from the residential sector to the building in question should be more than five meters. The foundation pit should be prepared taking into account the dimensions of all working elements. In addition, the height of the cushioning pad in the form of a slab of sand and concrete mortar is taken into account.
Mounting Features
Before you begin to install a polymer septic tank, it must be filled with water before filling. This is to prevent wall deformation. It is desirable to weight such a design in the lower part, in order to avoid its possible ascent. As an anchor, you can use fasteners such as belts, fixed on special pins embedded in the lower concrete slab. The cover of the sewer septic tank for a private house should rise above the ground so that the device does not flood during heavy rains.
Winter operation
When installing the system, it is necessary to take into account the depth of freezing of the soil. The entire outside of the structure is processed taking this parameter into account. As a heater foam is used or special insulation materials. With proper arrangement, problems with the operation of the structure will not arise under any conditions.
Drains running through septic tank sewers have a temperature of about 30-40 degrees. It cools down minimally during transportation to the tanks. Additional heating is provided by the released heat from microorganisms. Therefore, the device heats up a little, transferring part of the temperature to the outside. This effect can be observed in the form of melting snow near the unit. Additional thermal insulation will increase the efficiency of autonomous sewage even in the most severe frosts.
Sewer septic tank Topas
The company produces several modifications of autonomous treatment facilities, is popular in the relevant market. Consider the features of a model with deep biological filtration.
The system is designed for wastewater treatment. The septic tank device is simple, does not require electricity, the principle of operation is based on natural processes. The design includes the main reservoir, which is divided into several compartments, interconnected by means of overflow pipes. There is also a filter element that performs soil final cleaning. This modification is designed for light type soil, since installation on clay soil requires significant financial and labor costs.
Principle of operation: first, the waste material enters the storage compartment, after the first stage of treatment, it is fed to the next chamber, and additionally treated with special bacteria. At the last stage, water bypasses the filter element and enters the soil.
Briefly about other modifications "Topas"
The range of this series includes the following models:
- The Topas-5 is designed to serve two sinks, a shower cabin and one toilet. The average processing volume is 1 cubic meter of effluent per day.
- Modifications 8/10/15 are able to serve 8/10 or 15 users, respectively.
- Topas-20/30/40 processes 4/6/7 cubic meters of waste.
- The 75th version can serve a small cottage village. The indicator of energy consumption is up to 15 kW.
- The version under the index 100 is equipped with two buildings, designed for 100 people.
Useful Tips
If there is a temporary blackout, the flow of wastewater into the tank should be limited. Otherwise, it may overflow and release some of the contents to the environment.
It is not allowed to enter the system of materials and substances containing acid, alkali and other active components that negatively affect the processing microorganisms. In addition, do not fill the autonomous sewer with sand, polymers, rotten food.
Sludge sludge are recommended to be cleaned at least twice every 12 months.
Do-it-yourself septic tanks and sewer manholes can be decorated with polymer or other building materials, as well as through the installation of artificial grass. The main thing is to ensure access to the working parts of the structure.
Some elements of the structure are subject to regular replacement. Study these points in the instructions that came with the product.
Septic tanks at hand
The main materials for the manufacture of autonomous sewers for a private house are concrete, brick, metal and plastic. Features of the latter type are discussed above. Let us dwell on the remaining categories:
- Metal option. It is susceptible to corrosion, requires additional processing. Versions made of stainless metal analogues have a very high cost.
- Concrete septic tank can be made in monolithic or ring execution. The first option has absolute tightness, durability, ease of maintenance. A tank of rings requires careful sealing of joints and the installation of a concrete bottom.
- Brick modification is done in one brick. The outer part of the structure is treated with waterproofing mastic, and cement mortar is applied inside.
- As improvised materials for the manufacture of the system in question, large-diameter tires, plastic containers with a capacity of more than 200 liters, as well as Eurocubes, are suitable.
Differences in placement method
Standard vertical septic tanks are used to save space in the selected area. They are predominantly bulk storage tanks that need regular cleaning. Variations of deep biological treatment are also available. The advantages of vertical structures are compactness and protection of the internal filling from freezing.
If the “quadrature” of the site allows you to install horizontal counterparts, they are located in a much smaller pit in volume. This provides savings in earthworks. A variety of models allows you to choose an autonomous sewer, taking into account the proposed territory, financial capabilities, productivity and quality of treatment.
Homemade designs
Ready-made autonomous sewage systems have a rather high price. It is cheaper to make a sewer septic tank with your own hands, although this will require considerable physical effort. A standard home-made system includes two or three reinforced concrete wells that are connected by pipes.
The first tank plays the role of a settler; the second chamber serves for additional filtration. The third compartment is equipped with a bottom made of sand and gravel, through which liquid passes, going outside. The principle of operation of a homemade septic tank is practically no different from the factory version.