Structural schemes of buildings and structures

Bearing elements of the structure in the complex form the system. It is called the skeleton. This system should have sufficient strength and provide spatial stability and rigidity of the building. At the same time, the enclosing elements are intended to protect the structure from atmospheric and other physicochemical negative influences. They must also have sufficient sound and heat insulation characteristics. By the type of the supporting frame, structural designs of buildings are classified. Further in the article we will consider them in more detail.

building designs

What are the structural designs of buildings?

The structure may include load-bearing elements. In this case we are talking about frameless buildings.

There is another type of structure. In them, all the loads are distributed on the system of columns (racks). These structures - frame buildings - also include horizontal elements. To them, in particular, should be included crossbars, runs.

There are full and incomplete frame buildings. The structural scheme in the first case assumes the presence of vertical elements both around the perimeter of the external walls and inside the structure. In the second case, the structure contains supporting external walls and an internal skeleton. Its columns replace the main walls inside.

Such structural schemes of buildings are used in the absence of significant dynamic loads. The skeletons with transverse and longitudinal - external and internal - bearing walls are presented in the form of boxes in which spatial rigidity is provided by ceilings and vertical elements. They form stable vertical and horizontal diaphragms. The rigidity of such cores depends on how reliable the connection between the floors and walls, their strength.

frame buildings

Frame buildings: classification

There is a division according to the nature of the work. Structural schemes of buildings may include beams and poles connected by rigid nodes. They form longitudinal and transverse frames. Accordingly, such frames are called frame.

Nodes accept all horizontal and vertical loads. Frames can be connected. Unlike the previous ones, the nodes of such cores have less rigidity. Therefore, it is necessary to include additional links to accept horizontal load. As they act, as a rule, the overlap forming the diaphragm. They transfer horizontal loads to elevator shafts, reinforced concrete partitions, walls on stairwells and more. Also in construction practice, a combined type of frames is used - frame-coupled. However, this option is not as common as the others. In this case, the frames are placed in one direction, and communications in the other.

frame buildings structural scheme

Features of the construction

Structural schemes of civil buildings with a connected skeleton are quite popular. The material for the construction is reinforced concrete and steel. In low-rise construction , brick or wood is often used. Today, the construction of structures from volume elements is quite widespread. In this case, the skeleton of the building is formed from box-shaped parts of factory production. Frame technology is generally used in the construction of high-rise large-panel public and residential buildings.

One-story buildings

Structural schemes of industrial buildings of this type include steel or reinforced concrete columns. Together with the supporting elements, they form transverse frames. In addition, various types of longitudinal components are used in the structures. These, in particular, include elements such as crane, strapping and transverse frames, truss trusses, as well as a variety of connections. The latter give both individual components and the entire frame as a whole spatial stability and rigidity.

Between the columns a certain distance is set. It is called a step in the longitudinal direction and a span in the transverse. The dimensions of these distances are usually called a grid of columns.

structural schemes of civil buildings
Frame single-story buildings are quite common in agricultural and industrial construction.

Such buildings consist of a steel or reinforced concrete frame and coating and walls. The skeleton includes vertical elements - columns and horizontal - trusses, beams, crossbars.

The first and second components are used for laying slabs and roofing. Also, on beams and farms, if necessary, aeration and light lamps are mounted. The skeleton takes all the external load from the coating and the weight of its structures, experiences horizontal and vertical crane, as well as wind pressure, acting on the walls. For agricultural buildings, reinforced concrete elements are used, as a rule. In industrial buildings with spans of 30 meters or more, the skeleton is combined: farms use steel, and columns are reinforced concrete.

Multi-storey industrial buildings

Such structures are widespread in instrument-making, chemical, food, electrical and similar industries. The skeleton of buildings includes crossbars and columns. They form multi-tiered frames having rigid nodes.

structural schemes of industrial buildings

These elements are located across the structure. In the longitudinal direction, the rigidity of the structure is ensured by steel ties. They are installed in all rows of columns in the center of the reinforcement compartments. The number of spans can be different: from 1 to 3-4, and in some cases more. Their sizes are 12, 9 and 6 m.

Rafter beams cover the upper floors, the width of which is 18 and 12 m. Also for these purposes, trusses and slabs are used, similar to coatings in one-story buildings. The height of the floors can be 3.6-7.2 m with gradation every 0.6 m.

Multi-storey residential buildings

These buildings can be of three types: with load-bearing walls made of brick, frame and frameless-panel. The latter have received special distribution. The spans in the building frames are 5.6 and 6 m. The distance (step) of the columns along the structure is 3.2 and 3.6 m. Depending on the purpose of the building, the floor height is set. For residential buildings and hotels - 2.8 m.

Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/E22111/


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