The most affordable way to erect a roof structure is the construction of a shed roof. It is suitable for buildings for various purposes, it can be a bathhouse, a garage or a residential building. Such a roof requires a modest financial investment, but is highly functional. The system is quite simple, it is resistant to weathering, economical and maintainable.
The main types of roofing
Roofs are divided into pitched and flat. The latter are almost never used in the construction of single-story buildings. Considering the types of roofs of a one-story house, you can highlight:
- single slope;
- gable;
- hip;
- tented;
- combined;
- mansard;
- multi-forceps.
The most economical are single-pitched roofs. Gable can be called a classic. When erecting tent roofs, triangular slopes are taken as the basis. Recently, attic structures are becoming more and more popular. For the design of elite houses, multi-gable roofs are most relevant .
The choice of materials for a flat roof
Considering the types of roofing materials for a flat roof, you can pay attention to roll bitumen solutions, among which:
- rubemast;
- roofing material;
- stekloizol;
- euroroofing material.
It is also necessary to pay attention to polymer membranes. They are known relatively recently, but today have gained immense popularity. Roofs from them are resistant to mechanical stress and temperature changes.
Equipping the roof with your own hands, you can use membrane materials. Their installation is simple, so the team has the opportunity to complete the work in a short time. The roof design of the house may include the use of a PVC membrane. The basis for it are polyvinyl chloride with fittings. The latter assumes the presence of a polyester mesh.
Preparation of materials
If you decide to build a shed roof with your own hands, you will need to prepare:
- wooden bars;
- boards;
- nails
- thermal insulation materials;
- vapor barrier;
- waterproofing membrane;
- nails for mounting boards and timber.
The supporting structures will be wooden beams. Their sizes can be equal to 12x12 or 15x15 cm. For rough finishing of walls in the attic and the execution of the floor in this part of the house, boards are needed that are laid on top of a horizontal beam.
You can cover the roof with your own hands with slate, which is fastened with slate nails. If the coating is different, then it will be necessary to use fasteners designed for this.
Among the tools should be highlighted:
- sharp knife;
- ax;
- hammer;
- hacksaw;
- construction stapler.
The latter will be needed when installing steam and waterproofing, as well as fixing the film to the rafters. Do-it-yourself pitched roof is built according to the technology, which provides for the installation of crates and counter battens. To do this, it is better to use a square bar with a side of 5 cm.
Installation of bars
Beams are stacked in increments of 80 cm. They are placed at the top of the wall. The basis for them may be Mauerlat. Sometimes it is replaced by a seismic belt, which is a structure of monolithic reinforced concrete. Installation is carried out along the upper perimeter of the walls with the repetition of their contour. The design should be closed. It is used to increase the structural resistance to constant loads caused by wind.
To form a seismic belt, formwork is installed. Its height should be slightly greater than the height of the future design. The next step is to install the fittings. Mauerlat is a load stacked around the perimeter of the outer wall. It acts as a lower reference point for the rafters. This item is used for load balancing. The lower part of the roof should be located on the leeward side.
If you have a question about how to make a roof with your own hands, you should familiarize yourself with the technology. It provides for the installation of beams. On top of them, the rafters are fixed, which will act as a support for the top point of the roof. The number of rafters should correspond to the number of floor beams. After this stage, you should get a rectangular triangle, the sides of which are formed by vertical rafters and a beam.
At the final stage of installing the rafters, inclined beams should be mounted, which are fastened with anchors. In this case, we are talking about a concrete base. If the surface for fixation is Mauerlat, then it is necessary to use nails. For the convenience of work on the rafters, boards can be laid on which workers can move during the erection of the roof. Then these elements are removed when it becomes necessary to lay the slate.
Thermal insulation
Among the structural elements of the roof, a layer of thermal insulation should be highlighted. The arrangement of the roofing cake will depend on the finish. Thermal insulation should be protected with steam and waterproofing. The latter is necessary to protect the structure from moisture and extend its service life. Waterproofing is also needed to protect the insulation from moisture from the outside. Clay concrete or cement-bonded slag can act as a heater. But these materials have certain disadvantages. They poorly resist the effects of water and do not hold the necessary amount of heat, releasing it into the atmosphere.
To date, it is customary to use complex materials, for example, URSA. This insulation is a mat, which may include a heat-insulating layer, fiberglass blocks and basalt insulation mats. The main advantages of these solutions include low cost, ease of operation and efficient use.
Before installing the insulation, it is necessary to create a waterproofing. It is formed using material laid on top of the rafters. This technology can be used if the thickness of the insulation is less than the height of the rafter legs. If these parameters are equal, the film must be laid on the upper plane of the bars, which will increase the height of the rafters.
Across the slopes is a waterproofing material, the overlap should be 100 mm. A gap of 50 mm is left between the waterproofing and the roof. To do this, square bars with the corresponding side are used. Once the thermal insulation mats have been unpacked, you must wait until they are restored to their size. It will take about 20 minutes. You can speed up the process by shaking the insulation.
The technology of building a house roof involves the use of insulation. It is important to know what its width is. This parameter is taken into account when designing the project. If the distance between the rafters is 0.6 m, then 1.2 m mats can be used. They are usually laid out in two layers. In other cases, they are cut. As soon as the insulation takes its original form, it can be cut and placed between the rafters.
Installation of the material is carried out in a spreader, its width should be greater than the step between adjacent rafters by 30 mm. If the cutting of mats was carried out not along the length of the ramp, then to ensure reliable isolation of horizontal sections, it is necessary to provide an overlap of 30 cm.
Between the waterproofing film and thermal insulation it is necessary to provide a gap; a conductor made of bars is usually used to preserve it. At the final stage of installation of the insulation will have to arrange a layer of vapor barrier. It is located in the lower plane of the rafter legs and is fastened with galvanized nails. They must have a flat head. Instead, you can use staples of a construction stapler. The vapor barrier is stacked with a 10 cm overlap. To ensure tightness, the connection is carried out with adhesive tape.
Installation of the crate
Before starting work, you should consider the drawings of the roof. With your own hands in this case, to cope with the work will be quite simple. They will allow you to understand what technology is used to create the crate. It is necessary to maintain the finish. Its elements are based on the counter-lattice. For these purposes, square bars with a side of 50 mm are used. The distance between them will depend on the technology used and the material selected.
It is not worth using knotted boards for crates in the case of laying slate, since such elements are not able to endure the snow load. It is better not to use raw lumber, because the boards weaken and loosen as they dry, which causes the destruction of the entire roof. The simplest option is slate.
For the installation of corrugated paintings, a transverse crate is necessary. Four bars should be located under the sheet of covering material. If you purchased 175 cm sheets, the distance between the horizontal bars will be 44 cm. If you use another material, you will need your own crate. For direct slate, it must be solid. For a rolled roof or soft tile, a plywood crate is used.
Topcoat
The project of the roof of the house involves laying the finish coating. Installation of sheets begins on the leeward side. The upper layers are mounted with an overlap on the lower. The most popular installation option is the technology in which the first sheet is located next to the gable overhang. Next come two sheets in the front row. Then you can proceed to stacking a pair of sheets in the second row.
In the process, you must ensure that the size of the overlap vertically is in the range from 12 to 20 cm. The horizontal overlap is equal to one wave. The sheets should be stacked so that the sides of the elements of the upper layer coincide with the sides of the lower elements.
In order to avoid skewing in those places where four sheets intersect, it is necessary to cut the corners. In addition to the cornice and ridge sheets, the rest are cut so that the size of the cut area is the size of the overlap. To this value, add 0.5 mm. This will allow the sheets to join, providing a gap of 3 mm.
It is not worth breaking off corners, as this will cause a decrease in strength and the appearance of cracks. Sometimes it is impossible to visually notice them, but sooner or later they will appear, which will cause accelerated wear of the structure and entail the need for expensive repairs.
Calculation of the pediment
You can determine the area of the pediment using the formula. The simplest form is a triangle. Its height is determined as follows: S = 0.5 h x l. Here S is the area, the length of the height is indicated by the letter h, while the length of the base is l.
In this case, the height is understood as the height of the roof, here we are talking about the step from the overlap to the ridge beam. The length of the base will be equal to the length of the wall over which the pediment is erected. When calculating the gable of the roof, it does not matter if the structure is symmetrical. But this parameter will affect the design of the frame.
Gable roof construction
If the house does not have capital partitions, then the rafter system must be supported on the side walls. Hanging structures are great for this. They are used if the distance between the walls does not exceed 14 m.
You can install the hanging rafters of the gable roof with your own hands. They give a load on the side walls of the capital. To reduce this pressure, horizontal and diagonal connecting elements are used. They connect the rafters and have the following names:
- crossbar;
- grandmother;
- puffs;
- struts.
DIY pitched roof
Elements that support the system can be fixed to rafters or a ridge beam. Puffs are installed at the bottom of the rafters and can be used as floor beams. For puffs and rafters, you need to select thick elements. This is especially true if there is a living space in the attic. Boards for rafters should have an approximate size of 55x200 mm.
When erecting the roof of the house with your own hands, you will need to install a rafter hanging system. To do this, waterproofing material is laid on the opposite walls, they can be a regular roofing material. Mauerlat is attached from above. Use for this you need anchors.
This element is a powerful beam. A tightening block is laid on it, which will act as a floor beam. To the Mauerlat, attic beams are mounted on the supporting wall. The distance between them can be 600 cm. There is a boardwalk on them. This will allow you to get a platform on which you can attach the rafters to each other.
Building the roof of the house with your own hands, you can fasten the first two rafters and put them on the Mauerlat, providing maximum evenness. The position of the remaining rafters will depend on this. For rigidity of the installation, metal corners are used. They are attached using self-tapping screws. After installing the first pair of opposite rafters, I install the same bunch on the other side of the building. The rafters are fastened together by a ridge beam, which is located below. The rafters are installed puffs.
If the attic is planned to be made residential, then the puffs should be placed high so that they become the basis for the ceiling. For structural rigidity, the joints are fixed with nails or self-tapping screws, and are also reinforced with metal plates, brackets or angles. As soon as the rafter system is completed, the floor boards are screwed to the ceiling beams. At the next stage, you can begin to equip the roof.
Roofing flooring
When building the roof with your own hands, you will need to lay the roofing. The most effective system is to create a pie, which consists of the following elements:
- inside lining;
- vapor barrier layer;
- rafters;
- insulation;
- waterproofing film;
- counter rails;
- slate.
Sheathing from the inside can be done with plywood, moisture-proof drywall or boards. A layer of vapor barrier follows. As a heater, you can use mineral wool in mats. Doing the roof with your own hands, you will need to lay waterproofing material on the roof. They may be a composite membrane or ordinary high-density polyethylene film. It is spread over the surface and provides an overlap of 250 mm. Fastening is carried out by brackets.
On top of each rafter a counter-rail is packed. Its thickness can range from 30 to 50 mm. Using this element, you can provide a ventilation space between the roofing material and the waterproofing. Perpendicular to the counter-rack, the crate is laid. Between adjacent guides the distance should be calculated depending on the length of the sheets of material. Before proceeding with the laying of the roofing material, the gutter system holder must be fixed to the lower battens of the crate.
How to make a drain
If you have a question about how to make a drain from the roof, then at the first stage you need to install the brackets of the drain gutter. The distance between them should be 600 mm. The slope should be directed towards the drain. The next step will be fixing the last bracket in a row. The gutter is laid next. A cap is mounted on the edge. If storm sewers are arranged around the house to drain rainwater, then the pipe can be connected to it.