The specific methodology of any science is revealed through certain principles. In pedagogy, this is an anthropological, holistic, personal, activity and cultural approach . Consider their features.
a brief description of
The principle of integrity arose as opposed to a functional approach, through which the study of a certain aspect of the educational process is carried out regardless of the changes occurring in this process as a whole and in the person participating in it.
The essence of the functional approach consists in the study of pedagogy as a system with a well-defined structure. In it, each link implements its functions in solving the task. Moreover, the movement of each such element obeys the laws of motion of the entire system as a whole.
From a holistic approach follows the personality. Through it, the idea of ​​the creative, active, social essence of the individual is affirmed.
To master the achievements of culture, according to A. N. Leontyev, each subsequent generation should carry out activities similar, but not identical to those that were carried out earlier.
Formational, civilizational, culturological approaches
To fix the stages of development of society, the concept of "civilization" is used. This term is often used in journalism and science today. Studying history on the basis of this concept is called a civilizational approach. Within its framework, two key theories are distinguished: universal and local civilizations.
The analysis of society from the perspective of the first theory is very close to the formation approach. Formation is the type of society that arose on the basis of a specific mode of production of material goods.
A key role in the formation belongs to the basis. He is called the complex of economic relations that develop between individuals in the process of creation, distribution, consumption and exchange of goods. The second key element of the formation is the superstructure. It is a combination of legal, religious, political, other views, institutions, relations.
The culturological principle of studying the development of mankind differs from the formation approach by the presence of three interrelated aspects: axiological (value), personality-creative, and technological. It is presented in the form of a set of methodological techniques through which the analysis of all spheres of the individual’s mental and social life is carried out through the prism of specific system-forming concepts.
Axiological aspect
Within the framework of the culturological approach, for each activity its own criteria, foundations, assessments (standards, norms, etc.) are determined, as well as assessment methods.
The axiological aspect involves the organization of the pedagogical process in such a way that the study and formation of the value orientations of each person takes place. Orientations are understood as the formations of moral consciousness, its basic ideas, benefits, coordinated in a certain way and expressing the essence of the moral meaning of being, and also, in an indirect plan, the most general cultural and historical perspectives and conditions.
Technological aspect
It is associated with the understanding of culture as a way to carry out activities. The concepts of "activity" and "culture" are interdependent. To determine the adequacy of the development of culture, it is enough to trace the development, evolution of human activity, its integration, differentiation.
Culture, in turn, can be considered a universal property of activity. It forms a socio-humanistic program, determines the direction of a particular type of activity, its results and features.
Personally-creative aspect
It is determined by the presence of an objective connection between culture and a specific individual. Man is a carrier of culture. The development of an individual occurs not only on the basis of his objectified essence. Man always brings something new to culture, thus becoming the subject of historical creation. In this regard, in the framework of the personal-creative aspect, the development of culture should be considered as a process of changing the individual himself, his development as a creative person.
Cultural approach to education
The statement that the culturological principle involves the study of the human world in the framework of its cultural existence is generally recognized. Analysis allows you to determine the meaning that is filled with the world for a particular individual.
The culturological approach in education involves the study of the phenomenon of culture as a pivotal element in the explanation and understanding of the person himself, his life and consciousness. Based on this, various aspects of the individual’s essence are understood in their “hierarchical conjugation”. It is, in particular, about self-awareness, morality, spirituality, creativity.
In the framework of research, the culturological approach focuses on the vision of a person through the prism of the very concept of culture. As a result, a person is considered as an active, free individual, capable of independent determination when communicating with other personalities and cultures.
To study the application of the substantive part of the culturological approach to the educational process, the provision that culture is regarded more as an anthropological phenomenon is of particular importance. In its essence, it acts as a self-realization of a person, deployed in time. The basis of culture is the "root" of people in nature. A person has a need to realize incentives that are not instinctive. Culture acts as a product of the open nature of man, not finally fixed.
Values
When using the culturological approach to the study of the history of mankind, values ​​are considered as factors that determine culture from within, from the depths of social and personal life. They act as the core of the culture of society in general and of man in particular.
Culture, representing an anthropological phenomenon, is determined through the emergence of value relationships. It is expressed both in the complex of accumulated results of activity, and in the attitude of a person to himself, society, nature.
According to some authors, the culturological approach provides the consideration of value as an expression of the human dimension of culture. It implements the attitude to various forms of being. This opinion, in particular, adheres to Gurevich.
Value Problem
At the personal level, the abstract content of the axiological element of the culturological approach is manifested in the individual’s ability to evaluate and choose, in the hope of realizing the expectations that a person has in the system of value orientations and ideas. This raises the problem of the relationship between goods that are the real driving force and declared goods.
Any generally valid value takes on real value exclusively in an individual context.
Perception Features
According to the culturological approach, in the history of mankind, the assimilation of values ​​occurs through the internal experiences of each individual. Developed moral standards can be perceived if they are experienced and accepted by the individual on an emotional level, and not only rationally understood.
An individual takes possession of values ​​on his own. He does not assimilate them in finished form. Introduction to cultural values ​​is the essence of the educational process as anthropogenic cultural practice.
Culture as a means of activity
The ability to act as a way to carry out activities is considered a fundamental hallmark of culture. This property concentratedly reflects its essence, integrates other characteristics.
Recognizing the close relationship between culture and activity, justifying the need to disclose the latter through its dynamic components, representatives of the activity-cultural approach conduct its analysis in two key areas.
Among the supporters of the first concept are Bueva, Zhdanova, Davidovich, Polikarpova, Khanova, etc. As the subject of the study, they identify issues related to the general characteristics of culture as a special universal property of social life of people. Moreover, it acts as:
- A specific way of doing business.
- A complex of spiritual and material objects, as well as activities.
- The set of methods and fruits of the life of the collective subject - society.
- The mode of activity of a single social subject.
Representatives of the second direction emphasize the personal-creative nature of culture. Among them are Kogan, Buller, Zlobin, Mezhuyev, etc.
Personal-creative component is considered as part of the cultural approach through the prism of spiritual production, development and functioning of the individual.
The peculiarity of this theory is that culture is considered as a set of qualities and properties that characterize a person in the first place as a universal subject of the socio-historical process of creation.
Technological and activity concept
Supporters of the technological component of the culturological approach are aware of the proposition that the technology of activity itself has a social character. This position is confirmed by various conclusions, including the fact that culture is a "method of way." Such a “non-technological” meaning expresses a higher level of commonality of a person’s spiritual and subject-transforming activity.
Meanwhile, the characterization of the technological activity aspect will be incomplete if its cognitive capabilities are not revealed. Within the framework of any concept, a subject can be considered from a specific angle, which will not give a complete picture of it.
The cognitive possibilities and limits of the activity concept are determined mainly by the functional understanding of the concept of "culture".
Creativity
In the 70s. last century established a personal-creative concept. Its essence is that historically active creative activity of a person is laid in the basis of understanding the cultural phenomenon. Accordingly, in the process of creativity, the individual develops as a subject of activity. With him, in turn, coincides and the development of culture.
L. N. Kogan emphasized the ability of culture to realize the essential forces of personality. Moreover, the author attributed to the cultural sphere that activity in which the individual reveals himself, “objectifies” his forces in the products of this activity. Proponents of the personal-creative aspect define culture as human actions committed in the past and committed in the present. It is based on mastering the results of creation.
In the framework of this concept, when analyzing human activities, the level of compliance with its goals of development, self-realization, and self-improvement of a person is evaluated. The emphasis, therefore, is on the personality-developing, humanistic essence of culture.
Finally
When using the culturological approach, the assimilation of culture can be interpreted as a process of individual discovery, creativity, creation of the world in a person, participation in cultural exchange. All these processes determine the individual-personal actualization of the meanings inherent in culture.
The culturological approach ensures the formation of a humanistic position, within which a person is recognized as a key figure in development. Attention is focused on the individual as a cultural subject, with the ability to contain all its former meanings and at the same time create new ones.
In this case, three interdependent fields are formed:
- Personal growth.
- Improving the level of culture.
- The development and growth of the cultural level in the pedagogical sphere as a whole.
The culturological approach can be applied in the context of pedagogical, philosophical, psychological, cultural anthropology, depending on the objectives of the study.