Any scientific research is always based on previous achievements of science. And this experience is reflected in the texts of the author both in the form of a description and direct citation. And this requires competent design, which means that a bibliographic reference is required to confirm the actual reliability of the work submitted for publication.
Quote
The quote used in the text is a verbatim excerpt from someone’s article or someone’s words. The design culture of the written text is manifested in the fact that citation is always accompanied by bibliographic references.
The existing system of standards for the design of printed works describes what a bibliographic reference is, general requirements and rules for compilation are also given.
The quote used in the text is enclosed in quotation marks and the grammatical form of words and phrases in which they are used in the original source must be preserved.
If the cited fragment is too large in volume, you can cut out an insignificant part, in place of which you need to put an ellipsis.
For example: The well-known American image maker Lilian Brown wrote that "one should not move on to another question until all the material on the current has been exhausted ... Ideas should logically follow one after another."
Hidden quote
A hidden quote may be used in the text. It is conveyed in your own words, but be sure to indicate the source. Then the "see" link is used.
For example: If a taxpayer violates the deadline established by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation for submitting information about a bank account to a tax authority, and this was not followed by tax evasion, then according to Art. 118 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation a fine of five thousand rubles is collected from him. (for more details see Types of tax violations and responsibility for their commission [Electronic resource] // ConsultantPlus: reference and legal system / CJSC Consultant Plus. M., 1992-2016)
A quote can be written in capital (capital) and lowercase (small) letters.
Capitalized if this is a whole sentence | Umberto Eco writes: "All legends have a historical foundation." |
With a lowercase letter - a quote in the middle of the author’s sentence (even if the source is capitalized) | Speaking about the origin of legends, Umberto Eco writes that "all legends have a historical foundation." |
All citations must have bibliographic references, this is an immutable rule. Using someone else’s thoughts without specifying a source under copyright law is plagiarism.
Decor
How to draw up bibliographic references is defined by the 2008 standard. They are needed to easily find a document.
The subject of links can be any published and unpublished document on any media: paper, electronic (local and remote).
Types of Links
The standard considers a list of bibliographic references:
The composition of the description elements | full links if they show all elements of the description; short links, if only the main elements are called; |
Their location | in-text (placed in the text of the document); subscript (taken down the document, in a footnote); zatekstovye (taken out for the text of the document); |
Usage Amount | primary links if the object is described for the first time; repeated links if they repeat the description of the document; |
Number of reference items | single show one object; integrated show several documents. |
Each bibliographic reference, reflecting the general requirements and compilation rules, confirms the availability of a citation source. The quote can be taken not only from the original source. Then the rules for compiling bibliographic references require writing a note: "Quoted by: (" quoted by ") or" Given by ", and the source of borrowing is called further."
For instance:
Cit. by: Surname, L. Surname, D. Games for the development of systemic thinking / L. Surname, D. Surname. M., 2014.S. 168.
Given by: Surname, A.N. Media Planning / A.N. Surname. - M., 2010.S. 55.
The author of the work makes bibliographic references, this allows you to show the reader the path to the source of borrowing.
Examples of in-text bibliographic references
They are given in parentheses after the sentence quoted. How can I make bibliographic references? Design examples are shown in the table.
Primary complete | (Surname, M. L. Polymeric composite materials. Structure. Properties. Technologies. St. Petersburg, 2010.) |
Repeated brief | (Surname, M. L. Polymeric composite materials. Structure. Properties. Technologies. P.34) |
Primary complete | (Surname, A.A. Genres of periodicals. Moscow: Aspect-press, 2000.300 s.) |
Repeated brief | (Surname, A.A. Genres of periodicals. P.12 |
Examples of subscript bibliographic references
They can be designed in full and brief.
Primary complete | 1 Surname, A. N. Media Planning: Textbook / A. N. Nazaikin. - M .: Eksmo, 2010 .-- S. 55. |
Repeated, brief | 1 Surname, A.N. Media Planning. M., 2010.S. 55 . |
Primary, complete | 17 Law Encyclopedic Dictionary. M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987.500s. |
Repeated, brief | 17 Law Encyclopedic Dictionary. S.11. |
Examples of bibliographic references
They are made out in continuous numbering throughout the text. The reference number is given in square brackets.
In the text | V.V. Khoroshiltsev [13] and V.E. Volkov [27] show how ... |
In the text link | 13. Surname, VV. Mathematics at school. / V.V. Surname. M .: Higher school, 2001.200 p. 27. Surname, V. Ye. Mathematical terminology. / B.E. Surname. M .: Knowledge, 2001.125 p. |
If the author refers to a specific fragment of the document, the link is made out like this:
In the text | Definitely N. A. Chumikov [20, p. 29] noted: "............" |
In the text link | Surname, N. A. Public Relations. /ON THE. Surname M .: Business, 2014.536 s. |
Electronic links
Electronic bibliographic references are links to various whole electronic resources, as well as to the parts of which they consist. For example, a whole site or article in one of its sections.
Information that the link calls electronic material is indicated by the phrase [Electronic resource]. Having named the author, title, place and year of publication, the phrase “Access mode” should be written in the following order (you can write the accepted abbreviation “URL” instead of these words, then write an email address indicating the protocol (http, etc.).
To confirm the existence of the named email address, it is necessary to write the phrase "Date of appeal" in parentheses and put a colon, after which you should write down the date, month and year when the author of the citation accessed this Internet resource, for example:
1. Federal State Statistics Service [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http: // electronic address / (Date of access 05.05.14).
2. Surname, I.O. How to evaluate the economic effect of HR-branding [Electronic resource] / I.O. Surname - Access mode: http: // email address (Date of access: 12.19.2015).
When working with the ConsultantPlus or Guarantor system, the email address is not written, only a bibliographic description of the system itself is given, for example:
Name of the name of the name [Electronic resource] // ConsultantPlus: reference and legal system / CJSC Consultant Plus. - M., 1992-2014 (Date of treatment: December 20, 2014).
The rules for making bibliographic references preserve uniform cross-cutting numbering:
- either throughout the text;
- either in each chapter, section;
- or within one page of the document.
So, the use of citations must be accompanied by correctly formatted bibliographic references - this is an indicator of the culture and general literacy of the author of the created text.