Of great importance in the development of domestic pedagogical sciences was the book by the author Mardakhaev "Social pedagogy." The history of this direction originates in the century before last.
Approaches used by the author
The study and systematization of theoretical knowledge, materials obtained as a result of practical research, reveals the origins of social pedagogy. Mardakhaev Lev Vladimirovich - doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, author of more than a hundred works in this field. He managed to highlight and reveal the essence of the basic approaches and principles of training.
Mardakhayev’s textbook on social pedagogy offers various ideas for the development of the scientific industry, considers the needs of the social segment, questions of the formation of the individual, therefore one of the approaches he uses is called personal-social. Another concept, called sociological, is built on the basis of the demand for society in the proper education of the younger generation. The third base for a study on social pedagogy by Mardakhayev is the environmental approach, combining the issues of the formation and improvement of sociology as a scientific discipline and practical sphere. Each of the approaches has a close relationship with the others, which allows you to conditionally complement the institutions of social pedagogy.
The purpose of the textbook
Before proceeding to the contents of the book, attention should be paid to its structure. The textbook of L. V. Mardakhaev “Social pedagogy” is compiled in full accordance with current standards approved by federal legislation on education and training of qualified personnel in the field of social work. This tutorial is included in the basic scientific and methodological complex of general vocational training for social workers.
In order to carry out high-quality phased training of specialists, the author divided the textbook into several sections devoted to the subject:
- scientific and theoretical foundations of sociology;
- the role and formation of the individual in society;
- identification of violations in the education of children and adolescents;
- environmental influences on personality formation processes.
Mardakhayev’s full course “Social Pedagogy” contains the most significant questions, the answers to which help the student to understand the pedagogical aspects of relationships with the client and realize himself as a true professional.
Main sections
In the current conditions of development of social pedagogy, several approaches to the study of the principles and content of the discipline are distinguished. The subject of this scientific field is represented by the results of deep research in the system of social activity. The concept proposed by Mardakhayev in the book “Social Pedagogy” helped to identify the primary areas in the study of discipline and divide it into relevant sections.
In the first part, attention is paid to the subject, tasks and content of the scientific field, its key principles. Here, the author identified and substantiated the features of the discipline, formulated the most significant requirements. The scientist approached the questions of the socio-pedagogical process thoroughly, turning to the developments of his colleagues. So, for example, the results of the works of P.F. Kapterev, who is considered the founder of educational psychology in Russia, were reflected in the textbook of Mardakhayev.
Social pedagogy, according to the author, does not lose its significance, since it is an integral inseparable phenomenon. Conventionally, he divides discipline into internal and external parts. Studying the basic processes of this science contributes to a deeper understanding by students of the essence of the activities of the social worker, its components and principles of implementation.
Thanks to the second section of the book, the reader has the opportunity to get acquainted with the aspects of the formation of a person as a person in the socio-pedagogical plane. This part of the textbook reveals the secrets of the mechanism of formation of the individual. The second chapter describes in more detail the psycho-emotional characteristics of the development of personality in society. It is especially important for a person who plans to connect his life with the profession of a social worker to understand the phasing of the social formation of a person, to understand the essence of adaptation and rehabilitation of a person who finds himself in a difficult situation.
The third section is devoted to the study of the reasons behind social deviations, ways to prevent and overcome them. Such questions are revealed through the prism of the child’s perception of the world, through the study of the “children's subculture” and a deep awareness of the uniqueness of the socio-cultural sphere of minors who are clients of a social worker. Such children and adolescents find themselves in a difficult life situation and need the help of the state, upholding their rights and interests.
The final section of “Social pedagogy” by L. V. Mardakhaev helps to get an idea of the real environment of human social formation. Here, the author cites only a few fundamental elements of those that affect the development of personality in the most significant way. These include family and family relationships, communication with peers, an external information field, interaction with state institutions of health, education, culture, sports, etc.
Mardakhaev evaluates the family as a sociocultural environment, the soil for the cultivation of personality and spiritual development of each person. It is in the family that processes take place that create favorable conditions for the adaptation of a person to society. If the social worker can take into account the role of these phenomena, he will be able to better understand the essence of the processes occurring within the family, to identify the mistakes in raising children and the inability of adults to fill in the gaps that arise in the relationship between parents and children.
In the socio-pedagogical complex, the street is a fundamentally important element. To a greater or lesser extent, it is the environment for raising a child, the initial unit in the formation of the category of “street children”. Communication with peers outside the home is noted in Mardakhayev’s book on pedagogy as an indispensable component that has a significant impact on the emerging personality. The textbook also pays attention to the development problems of street children, deprived of supervision and parental care, the nuances of working with them. In this topic, the author often turns to the works of S. T. Shatsky, who investigated the contact of specialists with children and adolescents at the place of residence.
Media in social pedagogy
The success of a person’s social formation depends on the degree of socio-pedagogical impact of communication tools. Often, it is the media that become the co-educators of the young and teenage contingent. Television, radio, the Internet - all these elements have an impact on the masses, so the analysis of the work of the media in the context of social and pedagogical activity determines a key place in the formation of a child as an individual, as a family man in the future or present, as a teacher of his children. The main goal of social pedagogy, according to Mardakhayev, is to teach a child from an early age to correctly receive information from the media.
Social Workers Deformation
Since activity as such in any direction and industry is considered as an educational factor that plays a role in the development of the individual, the book of Lev Vladimirovich covers the topic of professional and personal deformation. This part describes the main methods of professional practice of a social worker, applying which he will encounter the natural consequences of personality deformation. If the employee does not allow such changes or overcomes them, we can conclude about his suitability.
Theoretical minimum
The basis of the content of "Social pedagogy" Mardakhaev laid features of the interaction of social workers and clients. Improving this area helped the scientist to single out an independent scientific and theoretical industry, to determine its essence, purpose, components, tasks and purpose, place and role in the activities of specialists.
Having passed from beginning to end the textbook “Social pedagogy” by Mardakhayev, students should get a detailed idea of the main aspects of professional activity, the nature and content of the discipline. Equally important is the students' understanding of functions and tasks, the conceptual apparatus, and fundamental categories. Thanks to the training course of Lev Vladimirovich, students acquire the skills to use specific terms of social pedagogy in the analysis of processes typical for this activity.
The relationship of pedagogy and social work
By the end of the last century, official institutes of social work, pedagogy and education were formed in our country. Similar to the experience of foreign states, all conditions were created in Russia so that a close relationship exists between them. The pedagogical aspect in social activity is justified by the influence of the following factors:
- professionalism of a trained employee when working in the “man-man” combination: building relationships with a client, a ward group, the desire to work in a team;
- the need for retraining of the client as an object of social work in a subject that is able to assist in solving the tasks;
- application of socio-pedagogical methods and techniques in the process of professional activity.
Based on the practical results of the interaction between the social worker and the teacher in the field of social protection of population protection, it was not by chance that wisdom known in professional circles arose: a social teacher does not have to be a social worker, but the latter must inevitably have the skills of a social teacher. This paradox can be argued by turning to some interesting arguments.
First of all, it is worth noting that social pedagogy is not an independent institution in the countries of North America and Europe. There, this discipline is considered as an integral element of social work. On the other hand, the International Federation of Social Educators, created in 1928 in Copenhagen (Denmark), has a huge impact on the development of this research area. In accordance with the charter of the association, social pedagogy is perceived as a system of theoretical and practical processes for working with people in a society (drug and alcohol addicts, people with no fixed abode, asocial personalities, etc.). In our country, the theory of social work goes through all stages of formation and improvement, based on our own experience, refining and adaptation results in the application of foreign experience.
In addition, the institutes of social work and social pedagogy in Russia were created in parallel, almost at the same time. At first, individual theoretical theorists expressed their views on the differences between the domestic and western systems. In particular, V. Bocharova emphasized that each person is able to solve their social problems and difficulties independently, at least a lot depends on him in this matter.
It is not surprising that the attitude to social pedagogy as a subsection of social work is supported by foreign specialists. This approach is close to the Western one, however, it implies a confusion of the essence of these two directions, which have different objects, objects and purpose.
Author's understanding of scientific terms
In the understanding of L. V. Mardakhaev, social pedagogy is a specific knowledge, a theoretical and practical appendage of social work, but at the same time an independent unit in the system of sociology. It is no accident that in his book the scientist pays attention to the disclosure of the very term “pedagogy”, which is translated from Greek as “leading child,” that is, apparently, it means a person who leads children. According to the tradition of the ancient Hellenes, wealthy slave owners appointed one of their slaves to be responsible, who was entrusted with taking the master's children to school. Such a slave was called paidagog ("teacher"). Further, this term has taken root in relation to people involved in the education and upbringing of the younger generation. Hence the name of science.
As for the word “social”, then it is more correct to understand “social” under it. This concept is not given a separate definition in Mardakhayev’s “Social pedagogy”, but the author himself reveals it not only as social development and upbringing, but also the formation of an orientation on the values, norms, customs and rules of society. Society here plays the role of an environment of life in which a person has to coexist and realize himself in various paths. In the same category of concepts in “Social pedagogy”, Mardakhaev includes parents or guardians, educators, school teachers, university teachers and other people who act as facilitators, helping the child from childhood to gradually learn from the experience gained, to adapt to the characteristics of culture, identity and morality of society.
What is social pedagogy? Different definitions
In “Social pedagogy” L.V. Mardakhaev cites several currently relevant versions that clarify the essence of this scientific field. For example, the book takes into account the opinion of a German specialist in this field, H. Miskes, who believes that social pedagogy is an educational discipline that reveals the social significance of teaching and the educational process in all age groups. Mardakhaev cites a completely different position, which belongs to the German E. Mollenhauer. This specialist assigns a practical role to social pedagogy, which is to help the young population adapt to the current social system and resist deviations from the norms of behavior.
Domestic specialists perceive social pedagogy in different ways. For example, V. D. Semenov believes that this is a science that studies the mechanisms of the influence of the social environment on a person, especially the educational effect on an immature person. In the textbook on social pedagogy of L.V. Mardakhayev, there was a place for another position. It belongs to the Russian researcher A.V. Mudrik. He calls this discipline a branch of knowledge that studies social education in the context of adaptive social processes, that is, socialization.
The position of M. A. Galaguzova deserves special attention. In her opinion, this direction is incorrectly regarded as related to social work. Galaguzova believes that social pedagogy is a branch of pedagogical knowledge that reveals the laws and expediency of educational influence on the development and formation of personality, regardless of whether it goes beyond the norm or not.
Mardakhaev in “Social pedagogy” tried to systematize these approaches to determining the essence of this discipline, and also to analyze the essence of its actual application in practice. Having brought together all of the above positions, the author calls social pedagogy a branch of pedagogical knowledge designed to study the laws of the formation of a mature personality in a sociocultural environment.
Vocabulary
In addition to the textbook, the author published a special dictionary. Mardakhayev contained about 3,000 concepts, terms, expressions in it, which allow revealing the content of science, as well as the names of outstanding scientists and practitioners who have contributed to the development of improving discipline. In addition, the terminology borrowed from psychology, social work, and sociology is reflected in this dictionary, since many units of the conceptual apparatus are necessary for theoretical and practical workers.
Despite the fact that in the dictionary on social pedagogy Mardakhaev does not disclose the concept of “person” in the literal sense, according to the content it can be concluded that the author considers a person to be a social being, which exists according to the laws of nature, but is improved taking into account the needs of social groups, that is, social Wednesday.
Pedagogy of the social formation of personality and deviations
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In pedagogy, great importance belongs to the age of a person passing a segment of the path of social formation. In the initial stages, this is usually determined by individual characteristics, including curiosity, a predisposition to physical activity. As they grow older and changes in their way of life, their worldview changes, and the skeleton of moral-volitional values is adjusted. Only a mature person is able to make an informed choice, navigate in it and adhere to certain life positions, which to a greater extent determine the further direction for working on oneself at various stages.
On how successfully a person goes through the path of social self-improvement, it depends on whether his personality will be formed as an individual. This process is determined by the social conditions in which the child is brought up and growing up. Unlike a child, adult self-development depends on the intensity of his self-manifestation, activity and desire for self-improvement.
In conclusion
Many books and textbooks have been published that deal with issues of social education. Mardakhaev in his textbook confirmed that social pedagogy is an integral element of the course of social work. It is impossible to achieve the results of educational activity in another way. This is especially noticeable in working with children, with dysfunctional families, asocial representatives of society. To solve the social problems of their clients, social workers and educators need to rely solely on their own knowledge and a decent level of professional training.
Speaking about the textbook of Lev Vladimirovich, it should be noted that it fully complies with federal standards. The complex "Social pedagogy" is intended for use in the educational process of higher education of the last generation for the purpose of vocational training for students of the direction "Social Work". By the way, the book of Mardakhayev was published six times from 2005 to 2017. The latest edition, revised and supplemented, has official recommendations from the Educational and Methodological Association of Russian Universities.
The content of the textbook is focused on the student audience of elementary courses. Having familiarized themselves with Mardakhayev’s book “Social Pedagogy”, future specialists get a general idea of this discipline, the intricacies of implementing innovative methodological technologies in working with specific categories of clients. Each of the sections of the textbook allows you to better understand the essence of education and social and pedagogical support.
The material is presented in the traditional manner for teaching aids: each chapter has several questions for self-control and a list of recommended sources for independent work.