There are several options for houses with sloping ceilings. This, for example, is a simple gable roof, having a crowbar at the level of the ceiling of the attic. One of the options is a complex gable roof, which is installed when the house has several attic rooms with window niches protruding beyond the slopes. Among the various broken roofs, there are also half-hip broken and complex, in which several different types are combined.
Types of complex roofs
How diverse is the person’s imagination in building houses, there are so many roof structures that can be grouped into several options, from the simplest to the most complex construction. These are single-slope, double-slope and multi-slope. All of them are divided into several groups, which are also called broken. A roof can be reduced above one house, which has several slopes of different configurations, and sometimes with different angles of inclination.
Systems with different tilt angles are called broken. The ramp is as if broken, and the angle of inclination changes in it. But this is the standard name for a sloping roof. Others are also named, with many ramps. Such diversity will be discussed in this article. You need to get acquainted with a truly sloping roof, in the truest sense of the word.
DIY do-it-yourself roof
To begin with, the broken construction of the coating is installed mainly over the house with an attic, when one or more rooms are arranged under the roof. Attic is living rooms in the attic space of the house. The room depends on the design of the rafter system, but there are general rules for construction. The system has a complex "broken" design, when the rafter frame consists of several planes. This is the so-called broken roof. With this design, you can expand the room using slopes as walls.
The only drawback of this use of roof elements is that to create the desired temperature climate in the room, you need a better roof. But for modern technology this is not a problem. Nowadays, materials allow you to create a roof that is not much different from a brick wall. For this, of course, additional raw materials will be needed for insulation, waterproofing, vapor barrier and cladding. And, of course, the roofing material plays an important role in such a “pie”.
Building and construction
A sloping roof consists of two lower and two upper slopes. They have a different angle. The upper slopes serve as a cover for the attic, and the lower ones are simultaneously protection for the rest of the building and can also serve as walls for rooms under the roof. The design and calculation of a sloping roof have several options, depending on the roofing material. For example, for laying the metal roof, the upper slope must have a cornice hanging in the place of joining of elements.
In some designs, the connection of the slopes is made without a large cornice. But in this case, good waterproofing at the joints is required. In the event that the lower slope is used instead of the wall of the room, a reinforced roof is installed with high-quality insulation of the roofing cake, waterproofing and vapor barrier from the side of the room in a house with a sloping roof. Lining is also carried out with heat-insulating materials with good ventilation.
Dimensions of rafters
With a house width of 6-7 m, an attic room of 4-5 m and a height of 2.2 m, the length of the beam of the lower slope will be in the range of 3.2-3.5 m. The upper rafter frame of the house with a broken structure will have, respectively , rafters 2.2-2.5 m. It is necessary to calculate in such a way that a 6 m rafter beam can be used on two rafters.
Half-rafters (fillies) of the lower slope with their “paw” are installed on the Mauerlat, and the upper are fixed on the tie-rod cross beam at the installation site of the run, which serves as the basis for the upper ceiling of the attic. The rafters are joined by the method of oblique slices at the level of a longitudinal beam, to which they are nailed or fastened with self-tapping screws.
The second beam of the rafter of the upper slope is connected in the ridge with the same oblique sections. The house with a sloping roof consists of two separate rafter frames. They have a different slope, a separate connection and fastening to the base of the floor. The lower rafter frame of the house with a sloping roof joins the Mauerlat and the base (floor), and the upper only to the attic box. The base for the upper rafter frame is the girders and tie-beam spacers.
Rafter design
When thinking about what the upper floor will be, you need to adhere to some rules that are common to most projects of houses with a sloping roof in the attic.
- The width of the room should not exceed 6 m.
- The angle of inclination cannot be more than 40-70 degrees.
- With an attic room height of 2.5 m, the fracture height should not go beyond 3.5 m.
- Lightweight wooden material is used, best profile timber and boards.
- For the frame of the rafter system, a beam of 100 x 50 mm is used, and for the base - 150 x 50 mm.
- Drying of the material should be close to 100%.
- The rafters should not have any flaws, knots, cracks.
Sloping roof calculation
First of all, we create the framework of the pediment wall with a width of 4.5 m. The height of the attic with a sloping roof is determined by the formula A: 2. Here A is the width of the room. If in our example the width of the room is 4.5 meters, then half of this width will be the size of the attic height before overlapping on the crowbar. This will be 2.25 m. Vertical beams with a height of 2.25 m are installed at the edges of the Mauerlat and are connected to the transverse beam.
Thus, a rectangle of the pediment wall of the room is constructed. By the same principle, seven frame structures of the attic wall are built. On each of them we first install the rafters of the upper slope at an angle of 30-40 degrees, and then the lower - 60-70 degrees. All of this work is being done on earth. And after their full production we begin to design the rafter frame of the sloping roof. A photo of the house shows how it looks. In the wall farm there are three points of contact between the rafters - the lower at the strapping beam, the middle at the junction and the ridge. In all nodes of contact, the rafter beams are strengthened to the base with nails and squares.
Pent roof
The simplest in design is a pitched roof. A ramp of this design always tilts to one side. Such systems are used only in small buildings or industrial buildings: garages, warehouses, small country houses with a small angle of inclination. How to make a sloping roof to get the desired design of your summer cottage, if the conditions do not allow you to build a complex coating structure?
It depends, first of all, on the configuration of the building. After all, the single-slope design has an inclination to the rear. The facade in this case becomes open to heavy rains and snowfalls. Therefore, the slope of the ramp should have a minimum slope. A larger angle requires a long cornice to cover the facade.
Thus, a single-slope frame is installed on the base of the rear and front walls. To tilt the ramp onto the façade, the rear wall has a large height to create the desired angle. If the opposite is assumed, then in this case the front wall is being completed. Its height depends on the angle of inclination. In a single-slope design, it does not exceed 30 degrees.
The add-in can be created both from wooden bars, and from other materials. In many cases, when the slope of the slopes exceeds the permissible norm and the slope is directed to the facade, it is necessary to make an elongated visor so that it can block the veranda or porch. Sometimes, in order to protect the facade of the building, the shed roof is supplemented by a visor with a different angle of inclination.
Hip construction
This is a four-slope structure, in which a broken mansard roof is supplemented by two more slopes in the form of triangular trusses on the pediment walls. Typically, this design is planned in those regions that are exposed to large winds. The hip model is used for attic rooms and non-mansion houses when they want to protect the building from natural elements.
It should also be borne in mind that the hanging system gives a large load on the stretch and on the walls of the house. To strengthen the rafter system, a ridge beam is used, to which the rafter legs are strengthened. Also, to strengthen the frame, the rafters are reinforced with additional slopes to the base of the strapping beam. For vertical hardening of the rafter hanging system of the attic with a sloping roof, risers are placed which, with their upper end, support the rafter structure in the ridge, and the lower one on the transverse beam connecting the rafter legs.
Flat Roof
Among the variety of designs, one can also distinguish an exploited roof with a recreation area, on which you can create a greenhouse or just a corner for tea drinking. Typically, the design of such roofs is arranged in regions with a large number of sunny days, in warm places. You can create both an open and an area under a canopy. There is a big field for fantasies. It is important that the surface on the roof of the house is protected from the elements. Sometimes it is created from purely practical needs.
Another type of flat roof is an option with a minimum angle of inclination of up to 5 degrees to drain rainwater. With this design, you can create an original house design with an open multi-level facade.
Half-hip design
One of the many structures in the project with a sloping roof house is a complex frame system. It is slightly different from the usual gable roof. The difference is in two additional slopes that overlap the attic from the front of the house. Half-hip buildings have a broken structure in the case when the front slope is used as the wall of the attic with a window.
The difference of a half-hip sloping roof in the design of the rafter frame. In this case, the Mauerlat of the house is installed on the outlet on both sides by at least 100 cm. The side rafters of the rafters are installed at the ends of the Mauerlat not to the roof ridge, but only to the base of the upper run of the roof of the attic, which is also placed on the same outlet as Mauerlat. A short beam for a half-hip side slope is installed on each side from the end of the side half-rafter, which is fastened with the lower end to the extreme rafter and run, and the upper end - to the ridge of the main slope.
Multi-slope design
A complex roof is installed in houses with many attic rooms of a large square polygonal house, in which on each side there is a room with a separate roof, protruding in different directions from the main one. The rafter multi-gable frame has a complex structure. In addition to the main box, an additional gable frame is created for each attic room, which extends beyond the attic to different sides of the second floor house. This design has many ribs and valley gutters. About the sloping roof (photo below) they say that it consists of many slopes. Each of them has a separate rafter structure in the form of a gable, hipped or semi-hip structure.
Each slope of the gable roof has separate laths that create end gutters between the slopes of the roof. In appearance, this design has the form of many trapezoid or triangles, which are located on each side of the roof of the house and protrude to the side beyond the ramps. It seems that a small superstructure above the window of the attic is created above each of them.
For this, additional rafters are used, which are wedged into the main rafter frame. Rafter beams have different lengths. The base consists of elements that create a gutter between each other, in which all the additional parts of the structure of different lengths converge. Each rafter of a multi-slope gable roof has a complex system of fastenings using slopes, stops, tie rods and spreaders.
Thus, a side half-roof is obtained, which will overlap the front of the attic. Depending on the shape, a half-hip design can be installed for both the second and first floors.
Vaulted roof
For high-rise and monumental buildings or structures of a sports nature, a vaulted structure is often used, which is characterized by a peculiar concave inward shape. The plane of each slope is similar to the vault, which covers the entire area of the house. Sometimes vaulted structures use roofs of various shapes to emphasize the monumentality of the building.
Shpiltsovaya attic
You can find houses in which there are several types of roofs: one-sided over the porch, and tent. Sometimes the attic rooms of the second and third floors are covered with a half-hip roof, which protects the pediment of the building well. The hairpin structure consists of several triangular slopes connected around their sharp ends at the point of the ridge.
There is no typical spire roof design. It can be made both from triangular structures, and from tent. And in that, and in another case, the roof ends with a thin spire, in which all the ramps converge. The originality of this design is that the house with studded cones has the design look of a rich and elegant house.