In urban planning, every element of the planning structure is important. This is because the decision of the plan of each city contains many factors that influence the type of construction and the choice of certain elements. For example, a settlement system in a specific territory of the city, which has its own landscape features, climatic and natural characteristics, related town-forming enterprises, their size, quantity and profile.
Key factors
An element of the planning structure is a part of the city, the functional zoning of its territory with the organization of communication of the transport system between the places of work of the population and residential areas.
This is engineering equipment, taking into account the prospects for the development of the city, and construction with all economic requirements, and primarily architectural and artistic standards. Here, far from all the factors that each element of the planning structure should correspond to. These are just the basic ones.
Planning structure
All factors affecting the planning structure of the city are reflected in its elements, which help to combine residential development with areas of mass visit, where work, leisure, culture, and life are arranged for the population. That is why there should be a connection in the form of squares and main streets. An element of the planning structure is a part of a certain territory: urban district, settlement (microdistrict, quarter, district, etc.). Their types are established by the government, authorized executive bodies (Federal Law 373 of 2016).
The predominance of a factor or their total impact determines the type and name of the element of the planning structure. A type can be dispersed, dissected, or compact. The compact type can be characterized by a single perimeter, where all the functional areas of the city are located. A dissected type - if the city is crossed by a river, a large ravine or a railway. The dispersed type is several planning formations that are connected by transport lines. The latter case is due to the nature of the city-forming enterprises - the mining industry, for example, as well as natural or climatic conditions can influence such a choice.
Basic planning elements
The main elements of the planning structure of the city are industrial and residential areas, that is, objects that form the entire service system: cultural, educational, administrative, public, medical and health, retail, sports facilities and places for mass recreation. This also includes a network of streets, squares, combining all this.
Public service institutions of a modern city are always in a single system, which covers residential areas, enterprises and recreation areas. The whole urban development trend of our time is aimed at such an association. Service facilities and community centers - citywide, as well as each planning area, are combined with public recreation areas, industrial and production areas.
Complexes
Megacities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Volgograd and others - have a common planning structure with planning zones and community centers where certain types of elements of the planning structure are used. The Ministry of Construction has long and successfully implemented integrated construction.
For example, educational centers cooperate on one territory with a university, college, school, that is, all three elements of educational institutions that make up a single special unit. An example is the campus of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University and much more. Such equipment is present today in every big city and not in the singular.
The benefits of an integrated system
There is the possibility of organizing a unified sports, business, household, medical, cultural. All modern housing estates in new buildings are built on this principle, where all kinds of elements of the planning structure are used. A group of residential buildings is always equipped with a school, kindergarten and other infrastructure elements. In each complex, all cooperated elements of the complex are enlarged to the extent possible, and this allows us to improve them, equip and operate more expediently. For example, a polyclinic is being built instead of several medical facilities, and instead of individual sports or gyms, a sports complex with a swimming pool and a football field is being built. In addition to convenience, such cooperation gives a good economic effect.
Today, almost all NGO centers include a university, a whole group of research institutes of the same profile, and almost always pilot production. Increasingly, the head university has in its structure a training center, college and one or more schools. Residential houses, hostels, domestic and cultural institutions are necessarily attached to this. Here is a library, computer and information centers, design bureaus. Such a colossus cannot but be provided with all the elements of the planning structure - a unified system of cultural, domestic, economic, medical services, a large sports center. It is in such conditions that the development of science and its introduction into production are especially fruitful. These are the most promising formations of modern urban planning.
Territory zoning
A modern city is a complex organism; here architectural, planning, social, economic and engineering principles are closely intertwined. For a convenient and rationally organized life of the city, the planning decision is based on zoning of territories according to functional features and types of construction, where the boundaries of the elements of the planning structure go. According to SNiP, urban areas are divided into several characteristic zones. The first is residential, where residential areas, scientific, educational, sports, medical and the like community centers, parks, squares and other public green spaces are located.
The second number of the element of the planning structure is the industrial zone, where enterprises and associated objects, bases, warehouses, depots, car parks, garages, factories are located. The third zone is external transport: freight and passenger stations, marinas, ports and the like. The communal-warehouse and industrial zones comprise one industrial zone of the city, which includes research and production enterprises. That is, this zone covers all areas of production, industry, utilities and warehousing.
Additionally
Certain specific cases of urban development include a dedicated zone with a community center, or a separate communal zone, or a warehouse, or even a research institute zone. In resort towns, the resort zone stands apart, where health-improving enterprises, beaches, parks, gardens and the like are located. Elements of a planning structure such as hospitals, sports facilities and research institutes are also often isolated in urban areas. In the city, there are often nurseries, farms, cemeteries.
It is important to determine the name of the element of the planning structure. This can be found in the List approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in 2015. The following elements are assigned to individual elements: massif (zone), rampart, microdistrict, quarter, field, island, embankment, port, park, garden, square, district, territory, gardening and summer residence partnerships and much more. Elements of the road and street network are also identified. This is a boulevard, alley, lane, highway, square, avenue, passage, road, lane, tract, descent, dead end, highway, street.
In rural areas
The territory of a rural settlement is usually divided into two main zones - industrial and residential. The comfort of living and the rational use of production enterprises depend on whether the location territory of these zones is correctly selected, whether they are justifiably located.
The connection between these zones is especially important, because the main social cycle of the life of any settlement is "work-life". Properly position the residential area on the windward side for the prevailing wind rose, upstream of the rivers relative to industrial enterprises, which usually pollute the environment to one degree or another.
Production
The production area should be located so that pedestrian and transport links are well organized in relation to the places of residence of workers in these enterprises. It is also important to consider the unhindered connection of industrial zones to the system of external transport (water, rail and others). But it is advisable to plan so that transit roads and railways do not cross the production zone. The distance from the residential area is also very important to observe, depending on the amount of harmful substances that this enterprise emits. To address this issue, there are sanitary standards that stipulate the creation of a protective sanitary zone.
Relative position
The practice of urban development adheres to the classification, where three main types of mutual arrangement of residential and industrial zones are defined. A significant distance is required between them if the industry includes enterprises of the first and second classes: non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical enterprises, cement plants, thermal power plants, timber impregnation plants and the like. Particularly dangerous enterprises (nuclear power plants, for example) require a protective zone of several kilometers.
In the second case, if the enterprises are not particularly harmful, the industrial zone may border the residential area. This includes enterprises of the third and fourth class according to the sanitary classification, as well as the fifth class, requiring railway communication. In the third case, industrial enterprises are located directly on residential territory. This is only the fourth and fifth class, which does not require railways. At a relative position, it is necessary to take into account not only harmful emissions, but also noise. Utility and storage areas are located so as to maintain convenient communications with external transport networks. The dimensions are approximately determined from the calculation of two square meters per person.