The road is an object belonging to the transport infrastructure. Its purpose is the movement of vehicles. This object includes the entire aggregate of land within the so-called road right-of-way, as well as structural elements and necessary road structures located on or below these sites. These designs relate to the technological part.
The purpose of the road is to provide continuous, safe and year-round traffic according to the estimated speeds, established dimensions and loads at a given traffic intensity over the entire service life.
Roads - What is it?
This term refers to a strip allocated on the ground. Its purpose is the location of roads on it, as well as the construction of any auxiliary structures and the landing of roadside green spaces. The concept of the right of way includes the space that is reserved for the side reserve device, quarry, construction site (if necessary) and after the completion of the construction process will be reclaimed and returned to the land user.
Subgrade is called a complex of engineering engineering soil structures, existing in the form of excavations, embankments, etc. Their purpose is to serve as the basis for the so-called road clothing of the highway. The construction of the subgrade is made from soil (local or imported), provided that it is stable, including slopes, curbs and underlying natural soils.
The structure of the subgrade also includes those drainage structures that are associated with it - drainage devices, ditches, ditches, reserves.
What is pavement?
This is the name of the multilayer structure, which is laid on top of the subgrade. It serves to receive the load from a moving vehicle and transfer it to the ground. Pavement is arranged both on the roadway and on the side of the road.
Its construction is carried out according to a special calculation. It consists of several layers - the coating, its base, together with an additional layer. Road clothing can be rigid (cement-concrete) or non-rigid (sand, bitumen, crushed stone, etc.).
Hard - that coating, the base of which is monolithic (from cement, concrete) or prefabricated from reinforced concrete slabs. If concrete is not provided for in the structure layers, such pavement is considered non-rigid.
In the photo below - the right of way of the road.
All according to the project
Let’s now look at the principles on which the basic calculations are based, according to which the construction of new roads, as well as the reconstruction of old ones are underway. As you know, for the competent organization of absolutely any process requires the right algorithm. This also applies to the design of a new design, for example, a highway. The main lever in this case is the principle of standardization of design components, which is based on existing regulated documents.
As in any construction industry, the design and construction of roads is carried out according to the norms of existing state standards. The geometry of the road under construction is marked according to the technical requirements relating to the specified operating conditions.
According to the meaning of the above definition, the right of way of a road is implied in the form of a certain area of the site adjacent directly adjacent to it. It is here that the main structural elements of the route are placed, and here, as a rule, there are also objects whose purpose is to service the "road" profile.
What are the prohibitions based on?
At the same time, the right of way of the road on both sides is surrounded by adjacent roadside lanes. This reserved space is prohibited for use with foreign objects. What causes this?
This ban is based on a number of important factors, namely:
1. Opportunities for future redevelopment of the road or its expansion.
2. Ensuring convenience and accessibility in case of need for reconstruction of the facility.
3. The availability of the canvas to clean it in winter weather.
Main dimensions
Let's look at the parameters according to which the design of the above ROW for the road section takes place. The boundaries of this territory are set depending on a number of normalized parameters, with the help of which the planning of the future site is possible. The area of the object is taken as the width, which depends directly on which category the projected path belongs to. What are these meanings?
- For roads of the 5th category, the width is 25 m.
- The right of way of the 4th category road, like the 3rd, has a size of 50 m.
- The widest is the lane of the road belonging to the 1st or 2nd category. The value of this parameter in this case is 75 m.
In some cases, the accepted values may be subject to adjustment. For example, if a highway connects federal centers, the access width of its right of way is assumed to be 100 meters.
The same parameter is adopted when it comes to the allotment of a federal highway or its function is to organize a bypass trajectory of the city, the population of which is up to 250,000 people. In the event that the number of inhabitants exceeds the specified figure, the overall size is taken equal to 150 m.
Sometimes they ask the question - how many meters is the right-of-way road in the village? But it can already be seen from the definition that in cities and villages it is not required. According to the design standards, a road right-of-way is not provided in the village.
How off-road space is limited
This auxiliary section may have a different structure. If we consider the simplest case, then the configuration of the roadside site implies an embankment, the sole of which with its strip corresponds to the normatively legalized width of the allotment. The upper part of the embankment serves directly for the movement of vehicles. The adjoining platform is at least 3 m on both sides.
The increase in the main size of the right of way is possible by entering the following structural elements and additions:
1. Lateral reserves.
2. Mountain ditches.
3. Ditches.
4. Banquets.
When designing a road and calculating the width of the section under consideration, its level is always taken into account. At a higher location, the width of the road right-of-way is the distance between the extreme lower points of the bottom slopes. In the opposite case, the width of the recess necessary for arranging the recess, measured in the section between the edges of the external slopes on top, is taken as the same parameter.
What the standards say
Discharge rates were created based on the characteristic parameters of the embankment. Given the digital value of the height of the canvas and the size of the slope (the steepness of its legs), it is relatively easy to calculate this parameter for roads of different classes, taking into account the degree of equipping them with additional components.
The digital indicators in the designation of the norm can be one, two or three. In a compact and capacious form, information can be represented in a similar way: 36/32/60. How is this set of numbers decrypted?
The digits of the first category characterize the width of the territory of the allotment, which takes into account the lateral visibility of excellent quality. The second number indicates the width that is required for the retraction section in the design configuration of the cuvettes. The last number is the width that is required when placing reserves on the sides.
How limited is the use of this territory
Within the territory reserved for the allotment zone, it is forbidden to carry out a number of actions, namely:
1. Organize and conduct any type of activity that is not directly related to the conduct of road works.
2. Locate any buildings whose purpose is not related to road maintenance.
3. Plowing the ground.
4. Felled trees.
5. To graze animals.
6. Mount any advertising structures without special permission.
7. Install pointers that have a secondary informative function.
If the normative numbers of the parameters of each right of way are possessed, the process of designing a new road is much simpler and faster. But we should not forget that this standard does not apply its requirements to certain areas. These include places of approaches to bridges and tunnels, a path laid in mountainous terrain or in the climatic road zone.
What in fact is this strip
On any of the tracks (more precisely, on its sidelines), the right of way of the road is a piece of land occupied by forest plantations, various types of drainage facilities, power and communication lines, and snow fences. Most often, its limits are indicated using specialized signs. The installation of the latter is carried out in those places where the roadway bends. The distance between them is at least a quarter of a kilometer.
At its core, the road right of way is an independent engineering facility that requires separate design. Prior to the process of translating into reality, all relevant technical information is required to be kept at the disposal of special road services.
Above, we have already mentioned the width of the right of way of the road, depending on whether it belongs to a certain category. That is, in fact, it can not be less than 25 m wide. In those places where it is necessary to erect protective structures, its width is subject to change, taking into account the parameters of each of them.
What are the boundaries of the right of way of a road?
What outlines the scope of the right of way and what factors influence this process? The procedure is based on the requirements of a planned nature relating to the formation of roads along with road service facilities.
The most important parameters, according to which these limits are calculated, includes a list consisting of:
1. The values of the angle of repose.
2. The presence (absence) of lateral reserves.
3. Existing safety requirements.
4. The numbers of lanes.
5. Road category.
6. The required height of the embankment or the depth of the equipped excavation.
Are there any restrictions?
The implementation of the above standards in the design of a paved road lane is subject to a number of limitations. They are allowed not to be observed in certain sections of the road. Which ones?
1. Those for the laying of which design documents are not required.
2. With slopes exceeding the height of a 12-meter level.
3. Located in mountainous or significantly rugged terrain, among water bodies, in floodplain zones and near tunnels, bridges and overpasses.