The name "artesian well" comes from the name of the French province of Artois. It was in this province that the use of water from drilled wells began. These wells made it possible not to depend on such water sources as lakes, rivers or city water supply, and made it possible to provide water for country houses. Water in these wells comes from an artesian basin. Such basins are located at various depths between rock formations that do not allow water to pass through. To obtain water, an artesian well is drilled, the depth of which depends on the level of water and varies from 30 to 500 meters.
Water may have a different composition, depending on which layers of the artesian basin it is obtained from. Also, its composition is affected by the rocks through which the underground rivers that feed the basin pass. Depending on the area where the artesian well has been drilled, water may pour out or gush out of it, and in some cases it is necessary to install a pump.
Special equipment is used for drilling. Such equipment is mobile; for it, ZIL, MAZ or KAMAZ trucks are used. When drilling, it is important to prevent dirty upper waters from entering clean lower waters. To solve this problem, proceed as follows. An artesian well is drilled to the limestone formation, then a casing or casing is lowered into it . Outside, a pipe or column is cemented. This prevents particles of unstable rock formations from entering the water, as well as contaminated water from the formations lying above the limestone. Instead of cement, compacttonite is also used - clay, which swells when moisture enters it. It forms a protective layer that is in no way inferior to cement.
Next, drilling is carried out directly to the limestone formation until a complete opening of the aquifer occurs. A production casing or pipe is installed. It is better to use plastic pipes, as they are not subject to corrosion.
Drilling artesian wells requires large financial investments. As a rule, they turn to specialists who have a license for exploration. But you can consider such an option as an artesian well with your own hands. It is worth noting immediately that it will be difficult to make it.
To do this, you need a tripod 4 meters high, pipes 3 meters long in the amount necessary to reach the aquifer when all the pipes are connected, a rope of the appropriate length or a heavy hammer.
The first clogged pipe must be with cutouts closed with a special mesh. First you need to dig a well of small depth. A pointed tip is put on the first clogged pipe, on the one hand, on the other hand - a coupling. The pipe is installed in the well and driven into the ground to a certain depth with a conventional sledgehammer. Then a rope is thrown over the tripod, at one end of which a heavy hammer is attached. A few people pull the rope, raising the hammer, then throw it. When the first pipe is almost completely clogged, a second threaded pipe is attached to it through the sleeve, and the process continues until the first pipe reaches the aquifer of the rock. Having achieved the flow of water through clogged pipes, the necessary equipment, crane or pump must be installed in the well. The artesian well at the site is ready for use.