The Tyumen region is part of Western Siberia. Its natural conditions are quite extreme, but the flora and fauna are very rich. The Red Book of the Tyumen Region makes a significant contribution to their conservation.
A bit about the area
The Tyumen region is part of the Ural Federal District and belongs to the region of Western Siberia. Together with the autonomous okrugs, it stretched from the southern border of the country to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. It borders with the Arkhangelsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk regions, the Republic of Komi, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Kazakhstan.
The region takes third place in area (1.4 thousand sq. Km). Its population is 3.6 million people. The administration of the Tyumen region is located in the main city - Tyumen, which became the first Russian city of Siberia in 1586.
Prior to this, the region was inhabited by Mansi, Khanty, Selkups, Nenets or Samoyeds, as well as Turkic tribes, which eventually took shape in the ethnic group of Siberian Tatars. Since the XIV century, the territory was part of the Tyumen, and then the Siberian Khanate. In 1582, the Ural merchants with the help of hired Cossacks conquered these lands, defeating the Khanate. Currently, the main population is Russians.
Now the electric power industry and the fuel industry are developing in the region, the volumes of which take first place in Russia. Forestry is being carried out, the stock of wood is more than a billion cubic meters. In agriculture, only 3% of land is cultivated.
Nature and geography
By its size, the region is second only to the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Yakutia. The region is located within the tundra, arctic deserts, forest-tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and mixed forests. More than 90% of the territory is considered the High North.
Natural and climatic conditions are harsh. The period of frost at different points in the region ranges from 140 to 200 days. The average air temperature in January is from - 16 to - 26 ° C. In the summer period, the average temperature is at around +19 degrees.
The terrain is predominantly flat plain. Taiga forests occupy a significant part of the territory. In the southern parts of the region, the vegetation is marshy and forest-steppe. The nature of the Tyumen region is rich and diverse, despite the extreme conditions.
The region has more than 70 thousand rivers and streams, about the same number of lakes. The total length of the watercourses is approximately 10 kilometers. The largest rivers are the Irtysh, Tobol, Ishim. They have reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations. In the southern part saline drainage lakes are widespread, in the central and northern parts - swamp and thermokarst.
The Red Book of the Tyumen Region
A complete list of endangered, endangered and rare animals, plants and mushrooms is listed in the Red Book of the region. The administration of the Tyumen region ordered its creation back in 1999. Local authorities are required to update the data and issue reprints of the book approximately every fifteen years.
The Red Book of the Tyumen Region contains 711 species of animals, more than 250 species of plants, as well as mushrooms and lichens. It consists of six (including zero) main categories depending on the degree of prevalence of living organisms. So, the fifth category (V) means species, the number of which is being restored and does not need additional measures on the part of humans.
Category IV includes species with no or very little information on the number of populations. The third category includes rare and narrow-local species, the second - declining, the first - endangered. Zero contains information about the probably disappeared representatives of flora and fauna, and information about them is not more than half a century.
Mammals
The animals of the Red Book of the Tyumen region are not represented by a general list, but are divided into subcategories depending on their type, class or unit. Among mammals, a sea hare (category III) is a representative of seals. A factor limiting its distribution, as for other animals, is environmental pollution, poaching.
Rare species: brown hare, big jerboa, corsac, polar bear, reindeer. The abundance of the Dzungarian hamster and the northern pika fluctuates and strongly depends on weather conditions - periods of droughts, rains, frosts.
Poaching and a lack of food resources reduce the number of walruses and northern narwhals that belong to category II. For the same reasons, the bowhead whale that lives in the Kara Sea is an endangered species. The disappearance also threatens the European mink, which is actively replaced by the American mink.
Fish, amphibians, arthropods
The Red Book of the Tyumen Region notes 10 species of fish and cyclostomes, 7 amphibians and amphibians, more than 100 arthropods. Natural causes only affected the number of common sculpin, other fish and cyclostomes (taimen, nelma, Siberian sturgeon, etc.) die out due to human activity.
Among reptiles and amphibians, the legless lizard, the fragile spindle , and the common garlic, are considered rare . The latter is known for having a pungent smell of garlic. Siberian lump and triton are vulnerable, in need of guardianship species, the copperfish and grass frog are rapidly declining in numbers.
The list of Red Book arthropods is long. A rare species is the South Russian tarantulas - the largest spiders in the region. Also in this category are some dragonflies, mountain cicadas, barbel beetles, weevils, a species of ladybugs that have twelve spots. A grassy rounded barbel is considered endangered.
Birds
Birds of the Tyumen region, listed in the Red Book, have 117 species. Of these, 74 species require constant monitoring by humans, as they are rare and vulnerable. Among them there is a species of petrel called silly, pecking duck, Siberian and common eider, griffon vulture, chubby woman, moorhen. These birds are listed in the appendix of the book.
The main pages contain more complete information about each species, of which there are 43. The mackerel, snake-eater, and crane cranes disappear. Among the rare and declining species are eagle owl, curly pelican, flamingo, great spotted spotted eagle, small swan, osprey.
The tendency to restore the population is observed in the mute swan and great cormorant. Great bustards, steppe kestrel, avdotka and strept are considered extinct species.
Plants
More than two hundred representatives of the flora are recorded by the Red Book of the Tyumen Region. Plants are divided into angiosperms, ferns, plauniform and bryophytes. Among angiosperms, rare and declining in numbers are some types of onions (drooping, fine-mesh), sedge (friable, mountainous, seaside), white-liner. The Russian iris, marsh calamus disappears.
Among the fern-like species, the lanceolate cluster and the spear-shaped mnogoryadnik disappear. The remaining species are rare or are actively reduced in numbers. For example, alpine woodsia, some vesicles and thyroids. Among the plunders and mosses that require attention, there are rams, lycopodiales, encaliptos, and meesia.
The limiting factor for many plants is mining. Blasting operations in mines lead to the destruction of their natural habitat. From this, for example, a curly-haired clerk, suffering from green bones located on calcareous slopes, suffers.
Mushrooms and Lichens
The total number of mushrooms and lichens in the book is about thirty. Of the edible mushrooms, one can name a white boletus, the diameter of its cap sometimes reaches 25 centimeters. It grows in the shady area of pine and aspen forests. A strange-looking canine mutinus is edible only when it is in the egg membrane.
Lacquered and gray-yellow trousers, felt onnia, datronium, a two-year abortipus, a coral-like blackberry are considered rare. A rare purple cobweb is also considered edible. In addition to the Tyumen region, it is found in Primorsky and Krasnoyarsk territories.
Among lichens, rare are the asahineya of Sholander, the Hudson omphalin, which are also listed in the Red Book of Russia. The reason for their extinction is the economic and tourist activities of man. For endangered pulmonary lobaria, air pollution is also a limiting factor.
Security zones
Reserves and reserves of the Tyumen region were created to protect plant and animal species, to preserve valuable natural landscapes. The largest reserves of the region are Kunyaksky, Vikulovsky and Tyumen.
There are two nature reserves of federal and 95 regional significance in the region. In the Ugra and Yamal region there are four protected areas - Verkhne-Tazovsky, Yugansky, Malaya Sosva and Gydansky Reserve.
The Upper Tazovsky Reserve is located on hillsides up to 50 meters in height. On its territory there are many river valleys and ravines, which has become an ideal place for the life of rare animals and plants. A rare Siberian coal-toothed, lizards, vipers, wolverines, moose live here, cedars, spruce, larch grow.