Plants are made up of organs such as vegetative and reproductive. Each of them is responsible for certain functions. Vegetative - for development and nutrition, and the reproductive organs of plants participate in reproduction. These include flower, seed and fruit. They are responsible for the "birth" of offspring.
Vegetative organs
The emergence of vegetative organs was associated with the need to obtain nutrients from the soil. These include:
- The root is the main organ of every plant growing in the ground.
- The escape.
- Stem.
- Leaves responsible for photosynthesis.
- The kidneys.
The root is characteristic of all plants, since it holds them and nourishes, extracting useful substances from the water. It is from him that shoots come, on which leaves grow.
When sowing seeds, the root sprouts first. It is the main organ of the plant. After the root has gained strength, a system of shoots appears. Then the stem is formed. On it are lateral shoots in the form of leaves and buds.
The stem supports the leaves and carries nutrients to them from the roots. He can also store water for himself during a drought.
Leaves are responsible for photosynthesis and gas exchange. In some plants, they perform other functions, such as the supply of substances or reproduction.
In the process of evolution, organs mutate. This allows plants to adapt and survive in nature. New species appear that are more and more unique and unpretentious.
Root
The vegetative organ that holds the stem is involved in the process of absorption of water and nutrients from the soil throughout the life of the plant.
It arose after the appearance of sushi. The root helped plants adapt to changes on the ground. In the modern world there are still rootless ones - moss and psilotiform.
In angiosperms, root development begins with the embryo entering the ground. As it develops, a stable organ appears from which the shoot sprouts.
The root is protected by a case, which helps to obtain beneficial substances. This is due to its structure and the content of a large amount of starch.
Stem
Axial vegetative organ. The stem carries leaves, buds and flowers. It is a conductor of nutrients from the root system to other organs of the plant. The stem in herbaceous species is also capable of photosynthesis, as are the leaves.
It is able to perform the following functions: storage and reproduction. The structure of the stem is a cone. The epidermis, or tissue, in some plant species is the primary bark. In flower stalks, it is more friable, and in shoots, for example in sunflower, lamellar.
The function of photosynthesis is performed due to the fact that the stem contains chloroplast. This substance converts carbon dioxide and water into organic products. The supply of substances occurs due to starch, which is not consumed during the growth period.
Interestingly, in monocotyledonous plants, the stem retains its structure throughout the entire life cycle. In dicotyledons, it changes. This can be seen by cutting trees where annual rings form.
Sheet
This is a lateral vegetative organ. Leaves differ in appearance, structure and function. The organ is involved in photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration.
The evolution of plants led to the appearance of hunting species. Their leaves catch insects and feed on them. This organ in some plant species turns into spines or antennae, thereby fulfilling a protective function from animals.
The leaf has a base that connects it to the stem. Through it, nutrients enter the leaves. The base can grow in length or width. Following him, stipules grow. The leaf has veins, which are divided into two types: open and closed.
The life expectancy of this vegetative organ is small. Trees drop leaves, because they remain waste products remaining after photosynthesis.
Vegetative propagation
Each plant has its own life cycle. There are two types of reproduction using vegetative organs:
Natural reproduction is carried out due to leaves, lashes, root tubers, rhizomes, bulbs.
Artificial reproduction:
- Share the bush. Rhizome plants are divided into several parts and planted.
- The second method is the rooting of cuttings. They can be not only root, but also leafy and stem.
- Layers can be used on the mother plant.
- The grafting method is also popular. This is when part of one plant is transferred to another.
Vegetative organs help, as well as reproductive organs, in reproduction. Plants play a large role in human life and nature. On earth they occupy a fairly large space.
Reproductive organ function
Their importance in the structure of the flower ensures the reproduction of the species, the protection of seeds and their further distribution. The reproductive organs of angiosperms are a flower, a seed, and a fruit. They gradually replace each other.
A flower is a modified shoot that gradually changes shape. The seed that is inside ripens and gains nutrients. After fertilization, it turns into a fetus. It consists of many seeds and pericarp, which protects them from the external environment.
The vegetative and reproductive organs of plants always interact. Without each other, they will not be able to perform their functions.
Flower
In nature, everything is arranged so that the flowers live their cycle anew. As we already said, the reproductive organs of a plant include a flower, a fruit, and a seed. They are interconnected to support life and enable new generations to be born.
A plant's reproductive organ, such as a flower, is responsible for pollination, fertilization, and seed formation. It is a shortened shoot that mutates during growth.
Consider what a flower is made of:
- The pedicel is the axial part.
- Cup. Consists of sepals and is located in the lower part of the inflorescence.
- Corolla. It is responsible for the color of the flower and consists of petals.
- Stamen. It forms pollen, which helps in pollination.
- Pestle. This is the place where pollen sprouts.
Flowers are divided, in turn, into bisexual and same-sex. What is the difference? Bisexuals have both a stamen and a pistil. For example, corn and pumpkin. Unisexual, or monoecious, have only one organ. These include nettle, hemp. A flower is a reproductive organ of a plant that is responsible for seed reproduction.
Most often, inflorescences are formed. This is a group of several flowers. They are simple and complex, that is, with one peduncle or with several. Their number can reach tens of thousands on one plant.
An inflorescence is a group of flowers. It is located at the ends of shoots, as well as tree branches. Most often, the inflorescence is formed from small flowers. They, in turn, are divided into simple and complex. The first have one axis, on which the flowers are located. The second have side branches.
Common types of inflorescences :
- Brush - at bird cherry, lily of the valley.
- An ear of corn.
- Basket - a camomile or a dandelion.
- Umbrellas - at the cherry.
- The shield is at the pear.
Complex inflorescences are a few simple ones. Their origin is associated with the function of fertilization. The greater the number of flowers, the faster the pollen is tolerated.
Fetus
The reproductive organs of plants primarily fulfill the function of reproduction. The fruit protects the seeds from their premature spread. They are dry or juicy. Seeds form inside the fruit, gradually ripening. Some of them are equipped with devices that help to spread, for example, a dandelion flies in the wind.
The main types of fruits:
- Single-seeded with three layers - cherry, apricot, peach.
- Multi-seeded with pulp - grapes.
Dry polyspermous fruit happens with a septum - cabbage, and without it - peas. Oak has a single seed.
The reproductive organs of flowering plants are arranged so that the seeds are distributed in several ways:
- On water.
- Through the air.
- With the help of animals.
- Self-scattering.
Organs are arranged so that plants go through the process from root nucleation to reproduction. The fruits are adapted to be carried by animals. This is ensured by such devices as hooks, parachutes, color accents and a pleasant taste.
Seed
Knowing which plant organs are reproductive, you can understand how they reproduce. The seed reproduces the offspring and distributes it for subsequent cultivation. It consists of the peel, germ and nutrients coming from the stem.
The seed contains proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In fact, the embryo is the rudiments of the stem, root and leaves. It is the main part of the seed and happens with one or two cotyledons.
Seeds are also divided into several different types. In some, the nutrients are in the endosperm; in others, there is no complete tissue for stocks.
Seed peel protects from the effects of the external environment, wind and animals. After ripening, it helps to resettle the plant. Some species store nutrients in their skins.
Seeds for humans and animals are food. Their value on the earth is quite high, as in the fetus. These plant organs participate in the life cycle of insects and animals, thereby providing them with food.
Higher plants
In the plant world, everything is arranged so that organisms have the opportunity to grow constantly. Higher plants have organs such as shoot and root. They differ in that in the process of fertilization an embryo appears.
The reproductive organs of higher plants, interacting with the vegetative, change their life phases. They include four departments:
- Fern-like plants grow in moist places. These include horsetails and crowns. Their structure includes the root, stem and leaves.
- Bryophytes are an intermediate group. Their body consists of tissue, but they do not have blood vessels. They live in both moist and dry soil. Moss reproduces not only by spores, but also sexually and vegetatively.
- Gymnosperms. The most ancient plants. Most often they include conifers and shrubs. They do not bloom, and their fruits form a cone with seeds inside.
- Angiosperms. The most common plants. They differ in that the seeds are securely covered under the skin of the fetus. Reproduction occurs in several ways. They differ in that they have female and male genital organs in the structure.
All these plants have been growing and developing on earth for quite some time. They differ from each other in the way of reproduction and the presence of certain organs. However, it should be noted that vegetation has a great influence on human life.
Flowering plants
This species is the most numerous in the plant world. Flowering, or angiosperms, have been growing on the planet since ancient times. Ferns in the process of evolution have divided into many species.
The main reproductive organs of flowering plants are seeds. They are protected by the fetus, which helps them survive better until spread. Interestingly, this group of plants is the only one that can form multi-tiered communities. In turn, floral are divided into two subspecies: monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous.
The main difference between flowering is that the reproductive organs of plants are a flower, a fruit, and a seed. Pollination occurs through wind, water, insects and animals. In the structure of the plant there is a female and male seedling, and double fertilization also occurs.
The seed during germination is saturated with water and swells, then the reserve substances are split and provide energy for germination. A germ appears from the embryo, which later becomes a flower, tree or grass.
Gymnosperms
This species appeared millions of years ago. Gymnosperms were propagated by spores, and seeds appeared during evolution. In its structure, the fetus is a bump. The seed is located under the scales and is not protected by anything.
In gymnosperms, reproductive organs can be of various types. For some, these are bumps; in others, they look like berries.
These include not only conifers, but also deciduous trees. An amazing plant grows in the deserts of Kenya, which has only two large leaves. His relative is ephedra. It is a gymnospermous plant that has small round berries.
Pollination process
As you know, the reproductive organs of a plant include a flower, a fruit, and a seed. In order for the fertilization process to occur, pollination is necessary, which helps the appearance of offspring.
In angiosperms, a fusion of male and female cells occurs. This is due to cross- pollination. This is the process of transferring pollen from one flower to another. In some cases, self-pollination occurs.
Cross-pollination requires helpers. First of all, these are insects. They eat sweet pollen and transfer it from flower to flower on their stigmas and wings. After that, the reproductive organs of plants begin their work. Flowers that are pollinated by insects are painted in bright and rich colors. After coloring, they are attracted to the aroma. Insects smell the flower, being at a fairly large distance from it.
Wind-pollinated plants are also equipped with special devices. Their anthers are quite freely located, so the wind carries pollen. For example, poplar blossoms during winds. This makes it possible to spread pollen from one tree to another without obstacles.
There are plants in pollination which help small birds. Their flowers do not have a sharp aroma, but are equipped with a bright red color. This attracts birds to drink nectar, and pollination occurs at the same time.
Plant evolution
After the appearance of land, nature has changed. Plants gradually evolved, and ferns were replaced by flowers, shrubs and trees. This was due to the appearance of the root system, tissues and cells.
Due to the diversity of the reproductive organs of angiosperms, more species and subspecies have appeared. For reproduction, spores and seeds began to appear, in which germ cells were located.
Gradually shoots, leaves and fruits appeared. After reaching land, plants developed in two directions. Some (gametophytic) had two phases of development, others (sporophytic) passed from one cycle to another.
Plants adapted and developed. Spore species began to reach 40 meters in height. More and more new reproductive organs of plants began to appear. Their evolution depended on the influence of the external environment.
An embryo was formed inside the seed, which germinated after fertilization and spraying. Once in the ground, he fed on useful substances and turned into a sprout.
The evolution of the fertilization process led to the appearance of angiosperms in which the seeds were protected by the fetus.
The value of plants to humans
The benefits of the natural world to humans are priceless. Plants not only emit gases, salts and water, but also turn inorganic substances into those necessary for life. With the help of the root system, shoots and leaves, gas exchange occurs.
Green plants accumulate valuable organic matter, purify the air of carbon dioxide, while saturating it with oxygen.
Thanks to natural resources, people receive more valuable products necessary for life. Plants become food for animals and humans. They are used to treat various diseases in the production of cosmetics.
Since the reproductive organ of the plant is the fruit and seed, they have become indispensable in the nutrition of people. Almost everyone loves the berries that grow on shrubs. Interestingly, coal and oil also came from vegetation. Peatlands are the origin of algae and ferns.
The vegetative and reproductive organs of flowering plants play an important role in their life. They are responsible for nutrition, development and reproduction. When the life cycle ends, seeds spread around and new plants sprout.