One of the incredible and very talented people whose creations still do not leave indifferent any scientist is Sigmund Freud (whose years of life and death were 1856-1939). All his works are in the public domain and are used in the treatment of most people.
The biography of Sigmund Freud is rich in many events and incidents. Briefly about the main thing you can learn from this article.
Psychoanalyst, neurologist, psychologist - all this is about him. He managed to reveal many secrets of our invisible consciousness, get to the truth of human fears and instincts, figure out the secrets of our ego and leave behind an incredible supply of knowledge.
Sigmund Freud: date of birth and death
The famous scientist was born on May 6, 1856, and died on September 23, 1939. Place of birth - Freiberg (Austria). Full name - Sigmund Shlomo Freud. He lived 83 years.
The first years of his life, Freud Sigmund lived with his family in Freiberg. His father (Jacob Freud) was an ordinary wool seller. The boy loved him very much, as did his half-brothers and sisters.
Jacob Freud had a second wife - Amalia, mother of Sigmund. There is a very interesting fact that Freud’s grandmother, by mother, was originally from Odessa.
Until the age of sixteen, Sigmund's mother lived with her family in Odessa. Soon they moved to live in Vienna, where their mother met the father of a future talented psychologist. Since she was almost two times younger than Jacob, and his eldest sons were her peers, people started a rumor that one of them had an affair with a young stepmother.
Little Sigmund also had his own siblings.
Childhood period
Freud’s childhood was quite difficult, since it was precisely because of the events experienced during that period that the young psychologist was able to draw interesting conclusions regarding childhood in general and the problems of youth in particular.
So, Shlomo lost his brother Julius, after which he felt shame and remorse. After all, he did not always show warm feelings for him. It seemed to Freud that his brother was taking a lot of time from his parents, and therefore they did not have enough strength for his other children. After that, the future psychoanalyst delivered two verdicts:
- All the children in the family consider each other special rivals, without realizing it. They often wish each other the worst.
- Regardless of how the family positions itself (friendly or unfavorable), if a child experiences his own guilt in something, he develops various nervous diseases.
Sigmund Freud's biography was predicted by his mother before his birth. One of the fortunetellers once told her that her first child would be very famous and smart, would have a special mentality and well-read, and after a few years the whole world would know about him. From this, Amalia was too reverent towards Sigmund.
In his early years, Freud was really different from other children. He began to speak and read early, a year earlier than other children went to school. He had no problems with speech. Freud was able to express his point of view well. It is incredible that such a great man could not stand up for himself, and his peers even scoffed at him. Despite this, Freud graduated from high school perfectly. Then it's time to think about the future.
The young years of Sigmund Freud
As a Jew, he could become a doctor, a salesman (like his father), go in for craft, or take the side of the rule of law. However, the work of his father seemed uninteresting to him, and the craft did not inspire the future great psychiatrist. He could become a good lawyer, but nature took its toll, and the young man took up medicine. In 1873, Sigmund Freud entered the university.
The personal life and family of the scientist
Sigmund Freud's professional biography and personal life are closely intertwined. It seems that it was love that prompted him to magnificent discoveries.
Medicine was easy for him, with the help of various diagnostic conclusions he came to psychoanalysis and made his own conclusions, made small observations and constantly wrote them in his notebook. Sigmund knew that he could become a private doctor, and this would give him good money. And he needed him for one big reason - Martha Bernays.
Sigmund first saw her when Marta came to his sister's house. Then the heart of a young scientist caught fire. He was not afraid to be frank and knew how to behave with the opposite sex. Freud's beloved every evening received a gift from him - a red rose, as well as an offer to meet. So they secretly spent time, because Martha's family was very rich, and parents would not allow an ordinary Jew to marry their daughter. After the second month of meetings, Shlomo confessed his love to Martha and offered his hand and heart. Despite the fact that her answer was mutual, Marta's mother took her away from the city.
Young Shlomo decided not to give up and fight for a marriage with a young beauty. And he achieved this after he took up private practice. They lived together for more than 50 years and raised six children.
Freud's Practice and Innovation
The chosen profession enriched him materially and morally. The young doctor was going to help people to do this, he had to try out the developed methods on himself. Knowing about some of the techniques he met in the hospitals in which he trained, Freud put them into practice, based on the problems of the patient. For example, hypnosis was used in order to penetrate into the patient's old memories and help him find a problem that was tearing his flesh. Baths or massage showers practiced to treat nerve exacerbations. Once Z. Freud came across research on the benefits of cocaine, which did not receive wide popularity at that time. And he immediately tested the technique.
Freud was convinced that this substance was more beneficial than harmful. He talked about the combination of thought and body, that after the bliss suffered, all stress evaporates and goes away. He began to advise this method of using cocaine to other people, after which he really regretted it.
It turned out that such methods were completely contraindicated for people with acute mental neuroses. Most indicators worsened after the first application, and it was almost impossible to restore them. But for Freud, this was only one thing - to look for the cause of all illnesses in the human subconscious. And then the psychoanalyst did the following: he broke parts of life into separate fragments, looked for a problem in them and brought his own hypothesis of the disease. To better understand his own patients, he came up with a method of free association. This method was used in this way: the psychologist called certain words that could somehow affect the patient's psyche, and he answered other words that first came to his mind. According to Freud, in this way he directly examined the psyche. It only remained to correctly interpret the answers.
This new approach of psychoanalysis impressed thousands of people who came to him for a session. Recording was carried out for years to come. This was the beginning for the development of their own theories.
The book “The Study of Hysteria” in 1985 brought even more glory to the scientist, in it he identified three components of the structure of our consciousness: id, ego and superego.
- Eid is a psychological component, unconscious (instinct).
- The ego is man's own impulses.
- Superego - norms and rules of society.
The whole book describes these factors in correlation. To delve into this process, you need to understand the relationship of each of them to the person as a whole. Such a scientific development seems too complicated and abstruse, but Freud easily explains it with a simple example. The first factor may be the student’s hunger during the lesson, the second - the appropriate actions, and the third - the realization that these actions will be wrong. It follows from this that the human ego governs the process between the id and superego. Thus, the student will not eat in the lesson. Knowing that this is not accepted, he can restrain himself. Then it turns out that people who do not regulate the ego process have various mental deviations.
Developing this idea, the scientist derived the following personality models:
- The unconscious.
- Preconscious.
- Conscious.
In 1902, a community of psychoanalysts was founded, which included famous scientists such as Otto Rank, Sandor Ferenczi and others. Freud took an active position in this cell. Periodically wrote his works. So, he first presented the public the work “Psychopathology of everyday life”, which attracted great attention of people.
In 1905, Z. Freud published his practice under the title: “Three Etudes on the Theory of Sexuality”, which explains the relationship of sexual problems in adulthood with early psychological trauma in childhood. Such work did not please society, and the author was instantly bombarded with humiliating insults. However, there was no release from patients. It is Freud who introduces normal life circumstances into the concept of sex. He discusses the problems of sex in a normal everyday context. The scientist explains this with a simple natural instinct that wakes up absolutely for everyone. Dreams are also interpreted in the order of sexual characteristics.
Based on this teaching, the professor invented a new concept - the Oedipus complex. It is closely related to the childhood of the child and an unconscious attraction to one of the parents. Freud gave parents methodological recommendations for raising children so that in adult life they would not have problems of a sexual nature.
Other methods of Z. Freud
Freud later developed a method for parsing dreams. It was with the help of them, as he argued, that the problem of man could be solved. People dream specifically, so the consciousness transmits a signal and helps to find a way out of the current situation, but people, as a rule, do not know how to do it themselves. Sigmund Freud began to receive patients and interpret their dreams, he listened to the most secret secrets of his friends and completely unfamiliar people, increasingly realizing that all difficulties were connected with childhood or sex life.
Once again, the community of psychoanalysts did not like such premises, but Freud began to develop the doctrine further.
Tipping years
The great shock for the scientist was 1914-1919, as a result of the First World War, he lost all his money and, most importantly, his daughter. At the time, there were two more of his sons on the front line, he was in constant agony, worrying about their lives.
These feelings served to create a new theory - the death instinct.
Sigmund had hundreds of chances to become rich again, he was even offered to participate in the film, but the scientist refused. And in 1930 he was awarded a prize for his enormous contribution to psychiatry. Such an event again elevated Freud, and three years later he began to give lectures on topics of love, death and sexuality.
Old patients and strangers began to come to his speeches. People asked Freud to hold private receptions for them, promising to pay huge sums of money.
Now Freud becomes a famous neurologist and psychiatrist, colleagues begin to use his works, refer to his methods and even request the right to use in their own sessions.
For Freud, these were the best years of his life.
Sigmund Freud and his publications
Many terms that psychologists now use in professional speech or simply study in lectures are interpreted by Z. Freud himself on the basis of his hypotheses. The institutes have a lecture course, which briefly tells the biography of Sigmund Freud and his main works.
There are dream books by Z. Freud, as well as books for everyday reading:
- "I and It";
- "The spell of virginity";
- "Psychology of sexuality";
- "Introduction to Psychoanalysis";
- “Reservations”;
- "Letters to the bride."
Such books are accessible to ordinary people who are not familiar with psychological terms.
The last days of the great scientist
In constant search and work, the scientist spent his best years of his life. Freud's death shocked many. The man suffered from pain in the throat and mouth. Later, a tumor was found, due to which he underwent dozens of operations, losing the pleasant appearance of his face. Over his years of life, Z. Freud managed to make an important contribution to many areas of human life. It would seem that a little more time, and he would have created a lot more.
But, unfortunately, the disease took its toll. The man had previously concluded an agreement with his attending physician, and when he no longer wanted to endure, and there was no need to force all his relatives to look at it, Z. Freud turned to him and said goodbye to this world. After the injection, he calmly fell asleep with an eternal sleep.
Conclusion
In general, the years of Freud's life were interesting and fruitful. The author of so many scientific articles, theories, books and techniques has lived a not-so-modest life. Sigmund Freud's biography is full of ups, downs and fascinating stories. He was able to look beyond the human consciousness. Freud achieved a lot in life, despite the fact that he was silent and not able to repulse his peers. Or maybe it was isolation that was able to direct his energy in the right direction.
After the scientist’s death, like-minded people and those who mastered his practices were found. They began to sell their services. To date, Freud’s research is still relevant and studied, many earn a lot of money on it. Sigmund Freud (years of life and death of the scientist - 1856-1939) made an invaluable contribution to the development of psychology and neurology.