Topographic anatomy of the upper limb will be briefly discussed in this article. The boundaries of this area fully correspond to the scapula. It is characterized by thick and sedentary skin, while its own fascia is quite thin, and the superficial fascia is very dense. The latissimus and trapezius spinal muscles are covered with their own fascia. The deep leaf, which belongs to its own fascia, is quite dense; it is attached along the edges of the fossa - the infraspinatus and supraspinatus. Together with the scapula, they form bone-fibrous containers, where the same muscles are located. Cellular space and subscapularis muscle are located on the costal (anterior) scapular surface.
Blood formations of this area are supplied through the subscapular and suprascapular arteries, as well as the transverse cervical artery. The main nerves of the area are nn. suprascapularis et subs-capularis. The topographic anatomy of the upper limb is unique.
Deltoid region
The boundaries of this area are limited by the deltoid muscle. The skin in the deltoid region is rather inactive and dense. Own fascia lies under the superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissue. The vagina of the deltoid muscle is formed by its own fascia, it gives back spurs to its thickness. The fake space directly below the muscle is located. In the fake space is located the main neurovascular bundle (a. Circumflexa humeri anterior, n. Axillaris and veins of the same name), as well as the synovial sac and tendons of the muscles of the deltoid region.
The axillary nerve is projected to the point where a vertical line intersects from the posterior edge of the deltoid muscle to the posterior corner of the acromion. What else is included in the topographic anatomy of the upper limb?
Subclavian region
The boundaries of this region are bounded above by the clavicle, below - by the horizontal line that runs along the edge of the third rib (in women - along the upper edge of the mammary gland), the edge of the sternum - medially, laterally - by the front edge of the deltoid muscle.
The subclavian region of the upper limb is characterized by thin and mobile skin. Subcutaneous tissue is very well developed and has a cellular structure. In the fiber, the skin nerves stretch, namely nn. supraclaviculares, which extend from the cervical plexus, are also lateral and anterior branches of the intercostal nerves. The topography and anatomy of the human upper limb has been studied for a long time.
The fascia of this area forms a case in which the pectoralis major muscle is located. She also gives her septum into the thickness of the pectoralis major muscle. This is due to the isolated nature of the purulent processes occurring in the muscle. Between fascia clavipectoralis, which covers the pectoralis minor muscle, and pectoralis major muscle, there is a cellular superficial subpectoral space. It does not exclude the localization of lymphomas. Pus can penetrate along the nerves and blood vessels that perforate their own fascia, under the pectoralis major muscle. The topographic anatomy of the upper limb is extensive.
Superficial fascia
The superficial fascia of this region is rather thin; for women, its compaction is downward from the clavicle. There, it forms a ligament that supports the mammary gland.
Fascia clavipectoralis is attached to the clavicle, ribs, and the coracoid process, forming the vagina, in which the subclavian and small pectoral muscle are attached. It fuses with the fascia of the axillary fossa at the lower edge belonging to the pectoralis major muscle. The result is a lig. suspensorium axillae. Deep subpectoral space is located under the small muscle of the chest. In the subclavian region, it is customary to distinguish three triangles projected onto the armpit, in particular, on its front wall.
The subclavian artery, bundles and veins of the brachial plexus are projected into the middle of the clavicle. This projection is fully consistent with the groove, which is located between the pectoralis major muscle and the deltoid muscle. This is not the whole topographic anatomy of the upper limb.
Axillary region
The boundaries of this region in front are limited by the lower edge of the muscle of the pectoralis major, laterally by the line that connects the edges of the large muscle on the chest and the latissimus dorsi on the shoulder, and the back by the lower edge of the latissimus dorsi and the big round muscle.
If a person withdraws the upper limb, the axillary region takes the form of a hollow or fossa. If you remove the skin, fascia and subcutaneous fat, the fossa becomes a cavity.
The skin of the axillary region is very thin, has mobility, is covered with hair. It contains quite a lot of sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands. If an inflammatory process develops in them, the formation of hydroadenitis and boils is not ruled out. In this area, subcutaneous tissue is rather poorly developed, it is located in layers. Almost completely absent superficial fascia. Topographic anatomy and surgical surgery of the upper limb are important in medicine.
Own fascia
The fascia in the center of the axillary region is very thin, it has multiple gaps through which the nerves and skin vessels stretch. Own fascia is compacted at the edges, and then passes into fascia, which cover the muscles of the walls of the axilla. Next, it passes into the brachial fascia. If you remove your own fascia, muscles are found that the muscular cavity is limited. It has a shape resembling a truncated quadrangular pyramid, the base of which is turned down. This is described in the book of O.P. Bolshakova "Topographic anatomy of the upper limb."
Lesser and greater pectoral muscles
The front wall of the axillary hollow is formed by the small and large muscle on the chest, the back - the subscapularis muscle, the large round muscle and the latissimus muscle, the medial - the external surface of the chest and dentate muscle, the anterior, lateral - the corachial brachial muscle and the medial surface, including the humerus and short head biceps muscle.
In the armpit contains loose fatty tissue, brachial plexus and nerves, departing from it, blood vessels, lymph nodes, v. axillaris and its tributaries, a. axillaris and its branches.
Arteries, veins and bundles located in this area are projected onto the border between the middle and anterior third of the axillary width.
We examined the topographic anatomy of the upper limb.