The heat supply system is designed to meet the needs of citizens in heating, ventilation and providing hot water. It should be organized in accordance with established requirements. Key requirements are present in Law No. 190-FZ . Consider some of its provisions.
general characteristics
The above federal law determines the legal basis of economic relations, which are caused by the production, consumption, transfer of heat, heat, heat carrier using heat supply systems from source to end consumer. The provisions of the document regulate the powers of state authorities and territorial administrations to regulate and control in this area. Law No. 190-FZ also establishes the duties and rights of energy users and service enterprises.
Security Features
As practice shows, heat consumption is more uneven than the use of hot water. This is due to the seasonality of energy supply to citizens. So, in the summer, the rooms are not heated, but hot water is used. The duration of the heat supply season is set depending on climatic conditions. Boilers and power plants can act as energy sources. Hot water is a coolant. Its purity is high. They are due to the fact that at an elevated temperature, impurities precipitate, as a result of which the heat supply networks fail. To prevent such situations, complex chemical treatment facilities are installed at energy sources.
Heating system
It includes an energy source, transmitting elements and devices, consuming equipment. Heating systems are classified according to various criteria. The criteria are:
- Degree of centralization. Distinguish between centralized and decentralized systems. In the latter, energy is supplied from small boiler plants.
- The kind of coolant. According to this criterion, water and steam installations are distinguished.
- Methods of generating energy. The heat supply of the city can be carried out in a combined or separate way. In the first case, water is heated in conjunction with the generation of electricity.
- Water supply method. It can be carried out in an open way. In this case, the water is directed to the water taps directly from the heating system. The feed can be closed. In this case, water from heating systems is used only as a heating medium for boilers. Of these, she enters the local highway.
- The number of pipelines. Heating systems can be one-, two- and multi-pipe.
- A method of providing users with energy. Heat supply schemes can be single and multi-stage. In the first case, consumers are connected directly to the highway. Multistage heat supply schemes involve the installation of control and distribution and central points. At the request of users, the water temperature can be adjusted in them.
Heat supply schemes: types
There are two ways to supply raw materials. In the first case, the coolant for hot water and heating flows through a single pipeline. In such a situation, less raw material flows through the return line than in a straight line. For the second heat supply scheme , a pipeline is installed only for heating. Users receive hot water directly in their premises, heating it with boilers or other installations. In this case, water from the heating system or other fuel, for example, gas, can act as an energy source. Currently, in some localities gas boilers are installed in almost every apartment.
Modern infrastructure
Currently, the heat supply of a new house is carried out, as a rule, with the help of complex engineering structures. Compensators are included in their composition, which perceive temperature extensions, regulating, disconnecting, and safety equipment. The latter is installed in special pavilions or cameras. Modern heat supply of the city includes pumping stations, district energy points and so on.
Existing difficulties
Currently, experts have identified a circle of problems that make it difficult to create an effective heat supply mechanism in cities. These difficulties include:
- Significant moral and physical deterioration of equipment.
- High degree of losses in highways.
- The massive lack of citizens accounting devices and regulators.
- Inflated heat load ratings.
- Gaps in the regulatory framework.
All these issues require a speedy solution.
Updating the heat supply scheme
The development of infrastructure in settlements is aimed at meeting the needs of the population with the most economical methods with minimal negative impact on nature. This activity is carried out according to the heat supply scheme. It must comply with the territorial planning documentation, the project for the placement of objects within the boundaries of the settlement. Bodies authorized by law annually develop, approve and update the heat supply scheme . The documentation must include:
- The conditions for the organization of centralized, individual and apartment heating.
- Schedules of the joint functioning of sources operating in combined mode, as well as boiler rooms. In addition, the document establishes the procedure for transferring objects to "peak" mode.
- Decisions on loading heat power sources adopted according to the scheme.
- Radius of effective energy supply. It should allow to establish the conditions under which the connection of installations is impractical due to an increase in total costs.
- Measures for the conservation of surplus sources.
- Activities for the conversion of boiler houses into combined production facilities.
- Optimum temperature schedule and cost estimate if necessary to adjust it.
Key indicators
In the process of developing a heat supply scheme, it is necessary to ensure its safety. It is determined by indicators:
- Reservation.
- Uninterrupted operation and reliability of sources, equipment.
The system should provide a balance of energy and load, taking into account redundancy in both design and probable weather conditions. In this case, the availability of spare energy sources owned by users is taken into account.
rules
The requirements for the content of the schemes, as well as the procedure for their development, are established by acts approved by the government. The territorial rules adopted in accordance with these documents should ensure the openness of the procedure and the participation of representatives of service enterprises and consumers in it. The key criteria for deciding on the development of a heat supply scheme are:
- Guaranteed reliability of energy supply to users.
- Cost minimization.
- Priority of the combined method of generating electricity and heat. In this case, the economic feasibility of the relevant decision is taken into account.
- Accounting for investment projects of organizations conducting regulated activities in the field of heat supply, energy conservation and energy efficiency of enterprises, as well as projects of regional and municipal significance.
- Coordination of documentation with other engineering infrastructure development programs, including those related to gasification.
Additionally
When implementing a project to increase the capacity of energy sources not at the expense of tariffs, payment for connecting to the highway or budget means of delivery is allowed to be carried out at prices established by the agreement. In this case, there should be an agreement with consumers for a period not exceeding 12 months. The value by which the capacity was increased should be agreed with the regulatory body. Local government bodies of the regional executive bodies form the fuel and energy balance. Its compilation is carried out in the form and in the manner approved by the federal institute of power, having the authority to implement the state policy in the field of heat supply.