The level of manufacturability of highways, the quality of the legal regulation of the circulation of relevant communications, as well as the management of various infrastructure facilities in this area are key factors in the successful development of the state economy. Therefore, ensuring the functioning of the infrastructure is the most important priority of the country's authorities. But what are its features? What objects of transport infrastructure can be built at various levels of communication between various subjects of legal relations in the state?
general characteristics
Before considering which categories of objects of transport infrastructure and vehicles modern experts identify, we will examine the essence of the corresponding economic element. What is he like?
Transport infrastructure is understood as a combination of various types of resources, through which the movement of cars carrying out passenger transportation, transportation of various cargoes is provided. Thus, roads and highways, as well as cars themselves, as well as enterprises serving them, can be attributed to this area (but discussions on this matter among experts arise - we will study their specificity below). The relevant infrastructure can communicate with a large number of related industries - for example, with supply facilities, enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, banks, security organizations, and government bodies. All of them can play an important role in the development of transport infrastructure. In turn, it itself is the most important resource that ensures the work of various economic entities.
The essence of objects and subjects
In accordance with the widespread point of view, the transport infrastructure object is part of the technological complex, which may consist of: highways, train stations, stations, subways, terminals, airports, helipads, sea and river ports, space centers, various military facilities - for example, aircraft carriers .
In turn, the subjects of transport infrastructure include citizens and legal entities who, on a legal basis - for example, on the basis of ownership or on the basis of authorized access, use the transport infrastructure.
Objects and subjects of transport infrastructure provide, above all, effective interaction between citizens and organizations involved in various legal relations. In order for communication between people to take place, they must be able, first of all, to quickly move from one place to another, and also have the necessary resources to move various things - property, materials, raw materials. The level of development of transport infrastructure is one of the key criteria for determining the level of economic diversification of the state. The presence of a sufficient number of high-speed highways in the state may be the most important factor in ensuring the high dynamics of economic development of various sectors of the economy.
The role of the state in the development of the industry
Transport infrastructure facilities are resources that usually cost a lot of money. Their building is often only possible for a state that has the ability to distribute budgetary funds and use a political resource. Private structures in many cases do not have the opportunity to build transport infrastructure - at least even within the region, not to mention the country as a whole.
Therefore, in order for the objects of transport infrastructure and vehicles, which are so necessary for the economy, to appear at the disposal of economic entities, the state should be primarily interested. In turn, the competence of private entities may be, for example, ensuring the security of infrastructure, maintaining it in a functional state. We will study this nuance in more detail.
Securing transport infrastructure
So, the object of transport infrastructure is in many cases the result of the implementation of a state investment project. In turn, private firms can ensure the maintenance of its functional state in terms of bringing its operating conditions to an optimal state in terms of meeting the safety criteria for the operation of various components of the corresponding infrastructure.
In such an area as ensuring transport safety of transport infrastructure facilities, the concept of a zone for ensuring stable operation is adopted - the territory within which the optimal functioning of various economic components is ensured. This condition may require the organization of strict control of access of certain persons to the relevant facilities. The boundaries of the transport security zone can be determined by law - in accordance with the standards prescribed in individual sources of law.
Also, at the level of regulatory acts, the security levels of transport infrastructure facilities can be determined, the way in which responsible persons need to ensure that economic components comply with established criteria.
There are a large number of other characteristics of security areas. Among them - the degree of vulnerability of transport infrastructure. Its criteria can also be established at the level of regulatory sources of law. In turn, a practical assessment of the vulnerability of transport infrastructure facilities can be carried out by responsible persons also taking into account corporate standards that complement those adopted by departments.
Conditions for the development of transport infrastructure
Experts identify a number of conditions under which the successful development of transport infrastructure is possible. First of all, it is monitoring and timely modernization of various business facilities. This area should be sufficiently technological to meet the needs of its users. The resources in question should be available to interested parties. So, for example, it is assumed that toll roads will be charged in such a way that travel on them is not burdensome for citizens.
Requirements for transport infrastructure facilities should be established based on the potential level of demand for the use of its resources by citizens and organizations. So, the construction of new roads can be estimated taking into account the more intensive dynamics of their operation - due to the expected increase in motorization of the state population, the construction of the airport - taking into account the possible use of its resources by international airlines, as a result - with an increase in the capacity of the corresponding infrastructure.
The development of the resources in question should be carried out taking into account the views of interested parties, social groups, public organizations - for example, environmental ones. The object of transport infrastructure is an economic component, in some cases involving fairly intensive use of environmental resources. It should not be excessive in assessing the population living in close proximity to these facilities, environmental specialists, as well as in terms of existing environmental standards.
Object classification
When developing a state policy in the field of transport infrastructure development, when conducting various expert evaluations of the effectiveness of its components, the categorization of transport infrastructure objects can play an important role in improving the quality of the results of the respective activities. Based on what criteria can the relevant components be classified? These can be determined for various reasons. So, if we talk about highways, then they can be classified:
- on public roads;
- to private highways.
However, the former may be free or paid. Roads can also be classified:
- by coating material;
- based on bandwidth;
- by service life;
- according to climatic characteristics.
Categories of objects of transport infrastructure can be determined based on the types of transport used on the respective highways: rail, sea, road, air, space. Of course, the classification criteria for transport infrastructure facilities can be determined on other grounds - we have considered only some examples of such.
Transport Infrastructure Features
In accordance with a common approach, a transport infrastructure object is an economic component that performs the functions of:
- economic;
- cultural;
- social;
- scientific;
- defense.
From the point of view of the economy, transport infrastructure is important as a necessary resource for ensuring communication between various business entities. The dynamics of the promotion of various enterprises on the market, the prospects for the implementation of joint projects with partners, the investment attractiveness of the company depend on how much it will be developed, although it would seem that the resource does not directly relate to the business model of the enterprise.
The cultural function of transport infrastructure facilities may consist in providing conditions for interethnic, intercultural communications. Actually, the architectural concepts implemented in the construction of the corresponding objects can also be considered as part of the national culture in a number of contexts.
The object of transport infrastructure is a significant resource of society as a set of communicating citizens, social groups, organizations. Using it, people can more intensively communicate with each other, exchange various values, travel and expand their horizons. Developed transport infrastructure in the state is the most important factor in the successful development of society, a resource that citizens can use to exchange experience with each other in various fields.
The considered resource also plays a significant role in the scientific field. So, it can be used to ensure the exchange of values significant from the point of view of science between various structures, the organization of trips of representatives of scientific institutions to partner organizations.
Another major function of transport infrastructure is defense. It can be traced in the context of ensuring national security and the activities of the state armed forces. Despite the fact that the infrastructure is designed for use mainly for civilian purposes, it can be actively used, for example, in organizing military exercises, for transporting ammunition, and for supplying raw materials to defense enterprises. Its manufacturability can be an important factor in the dynamics of military production, and as a result - strengthening the defense capability of the state. It is also necessary that the security levels of military transport infrastructure facilities comply with established standards. To do this, large-scale work can be carried out with the involvement of competent experts accountable to government structures or hired by large businesses.
Infrastructure as part of the transport system
An expert approach is widespread, according to which transport infrastructure is considered as part of a larger system. At the same time, other systems may also enter into it:
- legal - establishing rules on the basis of which the transport infrastructure functions;
- managerial - determining the operating procedure of the system in question;
- financial - as a source of resources, due to which the construction of transport infrastructure and other components of the system is carried out.
The transport infrastructure in the corresponding model can play a crucial role. That it will be the object of legal regulation - in the development of norms or strategies for managing this system. Its construction, examination, acceptance, assessment of the vulnerability of transport infrastructure facilities are the main types of expenses in the distribution of financial resources throughout the system.
The elaboration of legal, managerial, and financial mechanisms can be arbitrarily detailed, but with poor transport infrastructure this will not be of great importance. Thus, it is a key system element in the corresponding model. The transport infrastructure includes virtually all types of roads, highways, contact lines, as well as the facilities that are located on them. Often, communication and navigation systems, traffic control tools of various vehicles, as well as communication with users are considered as its elements. For example, if such are the passengers of the railway network, such ticket communication tools will be ticket offices, online ticket booking sites, and portals of railway transport companies.
Legislation, as well as corporate standards of enterprises in the corresponding segment of the economy, can determine various categories of security of transport infrastructure facilities. This is necessary, first of all, to create better conditions for work carried out by employees of the respective organizations, as well as directly for consumers of their services - citizens, private and state enterprises. Security categories can also be distinguished in order to increase the efficiency of managing these objects.
Infrastructure and vehicles
There are 2 points of view as to whether the vehicles themselves are related to the infrastructure under consideration. The first assumes that they should not be included in it. This is due to the fact that the use of vehicles is, although relatively frequent, but variable. In turn, infrastructure - especially if it is considered as part of the transport system, is designed to continuously perform the functions assigned to it to ensure communications in various areas of the socio-economic development of the state.
The second point of view suggests that transport should not be considered separately from the corresponding infrastructure, since it is created for a reason, namely for the purpose of subsequent involvement of transport resources by a person within the framework of those conditions that are formed at the infrastructure level. Safety at the facilities of the transport infrastructure, its main characteristics - for example, throughput, when it comes to roads, will directly affect the operation of vehicles.
Another argument in favor of the consideration of transport facilities and the infrastructure in question in the general context: the construction of infrastructure facilities is carried out, first of all, taking into account the subsequent intensity of their operation, which is carried out with the direct involvement of humans just vehicles. It is the characteristics of machines that determine what roads should be in terms of quality, length, and level of manufacturability. The vulnerability of transport infrastructure facilities and the definition of other criteria for its safety are also determined based on the typical dynamics of the operation of the corresponding resources, which can be established, again, taking into account the characteristics of vehicles.
Infrastructure development: state tasks
So, the state, as we defined above, is a key actor in the development of infrastructure. Only the authorities of the country can, based on the availability of access to relatively large financial resources, invest in the construction of roads, their modernization, improving safety, improving mechanisms for developing legal norms and management approaches within the transport system.What specific tasks need to be addressed to the country's authorities in developing priorities in the development of appropriate infrastructure? These are legitimately attributed to:
- monitoring the state of infrastructure, initiating its timely repair, modernization, updating;
- improving the manufacturability of transport routes based on the expected dynamics of its use by citizens and organizations;
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