For many decades, the most diverse theories of the origin of the universe have been considered. Some of them gravitate toward the explanation of all things by the design of divine beings. Others are based on a scientific principle. The rest are pure fantasy. So who created the universe? Which theories seem most objective according to common sense? We will talk about this in our publication.
Creationism
Who created the universe? According to the opinion of believers, all that exists is the result of the plan and activity of the Creator. Proponents of the theory base their opinions on the creations presented in the Old Testament. At the end of the 19th century, this position was severely criticized due to the technical revolution and the progressive development of the scientific field of knowledge, in particular physics, biology, astronomy. Opponents of creationism were followers of the theory of evolution. All this caused significant contradictions in society, since the results of scientific discoveries absolutely contradict the biblical picture of the creation of the Universe.
Despite the modern progress of science, there are many supporters of creationism on the planet. Such people base their views on the following points:
- Information from the Bible is the only objective source in matters of natural science.
- The Universe was created from nothing according to the will of the Creator.
- All currently known animal groups originally existed on the planet and did not undergo changes.
- Homo sapiens is not the result of evolutionary processes.
- Modern continents and geological relief formed as a result of the Flood.
- The one who created the universe originally envisioned an “ideal order” of things. Subsequent negative processes are the result of disharmony brought into the world by sinful thoughts and actions.
Stationary Universe
The presented theory of the creation of the Universe was popular in the middle of the last century. Proponents of the concept believed that our world always existed in an unchanged state. The opinion lost its relevance somewhat after the discovery by scientists of the so-called relict radiation. The latter is a cloud of radiation, which supposedly remained after the Big Bang, which led to the expansion of the universe. Adherents of the idea of a stationary world did not manage to find a reasonable explanation for the existence of relic radiation.
Perpetual inflation
Who created the universe? Most modern scientific theories are based on the fact that the energy of vacuum gradually separated elementary particles in outer space, which were removed from each other at considerable distances. Then the matter went into a static state, forming the so-called “primary broth”.
In the concept of perpetual inflation, the presented processes continue to proceed continuously. On the basis of the idea, the concept of a constant chaotic expansion of the Universe is developed.
Expanding universe
At the end of the 20s of the last century, the distinguished astrophysicist Edwin Hubble found out that the galaxies that are adjacent to the Milky Way are constantly moving away from this accumulation of matter. According to the discovery, the stars tend to "scatter" in relation to each other. Therefore, there is an expansion of cosmic matter. Why is the universe expanding? The root cause of the phenomenon is called the Big Bang. However, the root cause that led to its occurrence has not yet been found.
Big Bang
The theory is based on the opinion that at the dawn of all things, matter was formed from an accumulation of free energy, known by the definition of "singularity". As a result of the Big Bang, it swelled into a dense and hot substance, which began to cool slowly over billions of years.
The concept is so deeply worked out that nowadays scientists are able to find explanations for the processes that have taken place in the Universe since its inception. One of the main evidence of the plausibility of the idea is the presence of relict radiation, which is recorded in various parts of space. The study of the substance suggests that it existed long before the appearance of the first galaxies, stars and planets. Currently, relict radiation is recorded by both ground-based and space telescopes. Information about such a substance enables scientists to make calculations on the basis of which ideas about the original form of the Universe at the time of its inception are formed.
Big rebound
The theory is an alternative to the idea of the Big Bang. Who created the universe according to this concept? Judgment speaks of the existence of another world before our appearance. According to the theory of the Big Bounce, an explosion of singularity acts as a single link in a chain of reactions that occurred before the appearance of all material.
Proponents of the idea argue that the universe periodically copies itself. It was after the destruction of its previous “version” that a huge mass of energy was released, which consisted of a minimal amount. The result was a “rebound”, which led to the birth of a new world and its expansion.
Multivers
Such an idea of the universe speaks of the multiplicity of parallel worlds. As early as the 12th century, the famous philosopher Fakhruddin ar-Razi suggested that other realities are beyond the limits of all things. Such a point of view today is increasingly finding approval in metaphysics.
In pop culture, multiverse theory is the basis of science fiction. Such an explanation of the structure of the Universe served as an idea for creating a whole mass of feature films, for example, the epic Star Wars.
The hypothesis makes any events and outcomes real. At the same time, it is believed that the individual parts of the multiverse are in interaction with each other and to some extent intersect.
String theory
The assumption that the Universe is capable of reproducing itself seems reasonable to many modern scientists. If you rely on the idea of the emergence of the world as a result of quantum oscillations, it is likely that at a certain moment a new accumulation of matter may arise that is different from the present. Astrophysicists went even further, trying to prove that the result of such processes could be the emergence of several more universes, where various physical laws will act.
Based on the above opinions, the so-called string theory was developed . The basis of the assumption is that the world consists of a dozen spatial dimensions and one temporal. The big bang caused the "scatter" of such measurements. Between them is dark matter, which is concentrated energy of high density. Its existence leads to the expansion and deceleration of the "growth" of dimensions.
How many years ago did the universe form?
As the results of modern scientific research show, the Universe began to form about 14 billion years ago. The result was the Big Bang. This age was determined due to observations of the "scatter" of galaxies. The speed of their divergence was found out by observing the shift of the red spectrum, which comes from celestial objects. Researchers have looked into the past, determining the time that it would take all existing galaxies to connect at one point, if time went back.
How were galaxies formed?
According to research results, galaxies are clusters of stars, planetary objects, cosmic dust and gas. According to the theory of their origin, the laws governing the universe cause the so-called gravitational instability. Particles of elementary substances are not able to be constantly uniformly distributed in space. Individual objects are certainly attracted and repelled. Thus, conglomerates of matter are formed.
As a result of the instability of the force of gravity during the nucleation of the Universe, accumulations of certain substances formed. Gradually they took on a disk-like shape. At the boundaries of such clusters, swirls of matter appeared, which were transformed into a dense mass, which became the basis of celestial bodies.
What is the largest galaxy in the universe? In 1790, the physicist and astronomer William Herschel managed to answer this question. While observing the starry sky in the constellation Virgo, he discovered a huge cluster of cosmic matter, which was codenamed IC 1101. With the advent of more advanced telescopes, scientists have discovered that this is the largest galaxy in the Universe, where about 100 trillion stars are concentrated. The vast spaces between the individual luminaries here are filled with dark matter.
What is the center of the universe?
Based on the assumption of a constant expansion of cosmic matter, in this case the process should have a starting point. It was previously believed that the center of the universe is a black hole. In fact, there are a great many similar objects. And no cosmic black hole can be considered central, regardless of size.
To answer the question in question, just imagine a balloon. When it is filled with air, the material expands in various directions. However, the ball does not have a single central point. Therefore, scientists say that the center of the Universe can be considered any object from which the expansion of matter is observed.
How are stars born?
It has been scientifically proven that stellar nuclei act as peculiar thermonuclear reactors, where heavier ones are synthesized from light chemical elements. In particular, carbon is gradually formed from helium, and the latter is formed from hydrogen.
Also set the time during which this or that star will live. The more massive the celestial luminary, the more energy it reproduces. If our Sun can exist on the order of 10 billion years, then giant stars are able to maintain a stable core structure for not so long. In turn, dwarf stars, whose mass is equal to half the Sun, can live about 100 billion years.
When thermonuclear reactions end, stars "dump" the upper layer of matter. The process is accompanied by a massive explosion with the release of a huge amount of energy. From massive luminaries supernova stars are formed. The space around the fallen sources of smaller thermonuclear reactions is filled with gas nebulae and free matter.
We found out how stars die. But what leads to the birth of new heavenly bodies? They are formed as a result of compression of gas clouds and matter, which remained after the explosion of the previous star. In many ways, the process is shrouded in a riddle, since it cannot be tracked for a certain time. After all, it can take billions of years.
Finally
The question of the origin of the universe to this day does not have a single objectively substantiated answer. This topic is one of the most interesting and insufficiently studied mysteries of astrophysics and cosmology. Does the universe have a beginning and an end? What existed before its appearance? You can partially understand this by familiarizing yourself with popular theories.
Currently, several concepts dominate. A lot of people are inclined to the religious idea, where the main creative factor is God, by whose will the Universe actually appeared. In turn, scientific facts completely reject such a possibility. According to cosmologists, if life exists on our planet, why can't it be in the billions of other solar systems? Be that as it may, the issue remains unresolved.