The steady increase in the number of children requiring timely intervention in their development system by teachers and child psychologists makes adjustments to the educational process of preschool and school educational institutions. A new form of educational activity called correctional-developing lesson appears in the schedule of classes and lessons.
Organization of a special approach to the smallest
The problems of some preschoolers become visible from the moment they enter the children's educational institution. Against the background of peers, such babies are distinguished by the insufficient formation of some functions and skills. In that case, when it comes to younger preschoolers, the child needs, mainly, increased supervision of a psychologist. The specifics of the development of young children, due to its undulating nature, does not give an unambiguous real picture of the level of mental development of the baby. It is advisable to plan and conduct individual lessons with younger preschoolers and young children in the direction of improving the child's adaptation to the conditions of the educational institution.
The place of the individual plan in the curriculum of kindergarten
The directed system of individual lessons, as a rule, enters into an active phase among specialists in the middle and senior preschool period. The so-called “problem children” already require intervention and correction of developmental deficiencies, which is what psychologists take into account when compiling a synopsis of correctional developmental activities. Specialists build work based on previously identified problems of the child. In preschool age, according to statistics, deficiencies are identified, first of all, in the level of speech development, psycho-speech development, emotional-volitional disorders, pathology of the formation of the level of individual mental processes. After a detailed examination, a child psychologist or rehabilitologist determines the corrective route and plans corrective and developmental classes with children.
Correction of deficiencies in the intellectual development of the child
Tutors during the educational process from time to time pay attention to children who differ from the total mass of peers in that they are either absolutely not interested in what is happening in the classroom, or do not keep up with other children, but there are those who try, but to no avail. Psychologists believe that the problem of such babies is an insufficient level of intellectual development, which arises for various reasons. Determining the causes and shortcomings themselves is a priority for psychological service specialists and defectologists. Based on the diagnostic examination, specialists build a corrective effect and develop a system of activities with children. Correctional developmental classes for preschoolers are held with a subgroup and individually, depending on the identified problem. Subgroups combine several babies with one developmental problem. Classes with children with intellectual disabilities are held 1-2 times a week, the duration of classes should not exceed the established time standards.
Recommendations of specialists in planning the correction of cognitive deficiencies
The psycho-hygienic foundations of education developed by child psychologists recommend that you plan a correctional and developmental lesson for younger students in the morning, from 10.00 to 12.00. This time is considered the most productive for stimulating the intellectual functions of the brain, as well as for enhanced mental work. In this case, it is also worth considering the day of the week allotted for remedial exercises. Monday is absolutely not suitable for increased mental stress, since this day is considered a day of working out, and the potential for brain activity is small. On Tuesday and Wednesday, brain activity is stabilized, so classes conducted on these days are highly productive. Thursday, according to the innovative teacher Shatalov, is the so-called “energy pit”. Corrective developmental lesson to compensate for deficiencies in the intellectual sphere on this day is strictly not recommended to plan and conduct. Accordingly, Friday is characterized by a new rise in the productive activity of the brain and is suitable for mental studies. Therefore, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday would be the right choice for correcting deficiencies in intellectual functions in children. In the event that, due to its features, the baby needs classes daily, on Monday and Thursday, simple game exercises should be carried out.
Correction of the shortcomings of the emotional-volitional sphere
There are no less violations in the emotional-volitional sphere of preschoolers. This is manifested in behavioral deviations, inability to independently regulate their volitional impulses and control emotions. Such children are considered too active, restless, naughty, cocky, sometimes aggressive. This problem also requires the intervention of children's specialists, despite the fact that most parents deny obvious violations and refuse the help of a psychologist, believing that such manifestations disappear with time on their own. Unfortunately, without qualified help, they only worsen, turn over time into difficult education and deviant manifestations. Correctional developmental classes for preschoolers with disorders of the emotional-volitional sphere are also held twice a week. In addition to specialists, efforts to correct behavioral manifestations are also directed by the educators of the group, acting in accordance with the recommendations of the psychological service specialists.
Recommendations of specialists in planning work with children with deviant behavior
For the correction of behavioral negative manifestations of intense mental stress is not required, therefore, to correct abnormal behavior can be on any day of the week, both in the first and second half of the day. The first corrective measures with such preschoolers will be individual lessons. A parallel effect is exerted by the teacher of the group in the team of kids, jointly adjusted actions accelerate the manifestation of positive dynamics. After conducting the necessary course of individual interactions of the psychologist with the child, the specialist decides when the baby is ready to consolidate the acquired skills of self-control and self-regulation in the peer team. Further, a correctional and developmental lesson is planned taking into account work with a group of children, special attention is paid to the constructive socialization of the child with deviations in behavior. The joint work of the teacher with the psychologist continues until the child learns to regulate behavioral reactions independently.
Consideration of age-related features when planning corrective measures
The psychological characteristics of a child of a certain age category must be taken into account at the moment when a correctional and developmental lesson is planned for primary school children and preschool children. The leading activity of kids of this age is play. Teachers without fail include game moments and elements in their classes. Corrective measures are also based on this principle, with the lesson plan being drawn up in advance. Thematic planning involves phased scheduling of classes indicating the subject. Expected results of corrective action are taken into account without fail, for this purpose reflection or feedback is planned at the end of the lesson.
Basic principles of rational planning
Given these requirements, the outline of the lesson for preschoolers will be compiled according to the following principle:
- Greeting. Introductory part.
- Game moment, summing up to the main part of the lesson.
- Corrective or developing exercise games.
- Fastening, game moment.
- Reflection, feedback.
When planning a game moment, psychologists take into account the use of elements of art therapy, sand therapy, fairy tale therapy, as these psychotherapeutic techniques have long been proven effective in working with preschool children. A correctional-developing lesson, which includes elements of these methods, is quite effectively used by children's specialists to work with various pathologies.
Correctional work in elementary school
Unfortunately, not all deficiencies in the development of the child can be timely addressed before the child enters school. Some children carry their problems from kindergarten to first grade. Therefore, school specialists in psychological services, faced with problem children, organize special support for them in cooperation with the class teacher. The imaginative thinking of the elementary school student has children to play, so the program of correctional and developmental classes is built taking into account these age characteristics. The principle of building individual classes will be approximately the same as classes for preschoolers, but with advanced features for the child:
- Greeting. Introductory part, lesson topic message.
- Information message, gaming moment.
- Corrective game exercises.
- Fastening using psychotherapeutic techniques.
- Getting feedback.
The outline of the lesson for younger students can also include elements of art therapy, fairy tales using multimedia technologies, color therapy.