The basis is considered to be a certain fundamental material structure (surface) on which in the future any structures, their components, technical devices, engineering structures, etc. will be installed (mounted, applied), there are a great many types of foundations, and they all differ in application, that is, by the fact that they will be placed in the process of construction (installation) of engineering or technical structures (devices).
Varieties of foundations in architecture
In construction, each segment of the construction of a building is based on its own foundation. The most significant here are:
- Under the foundation. Before the construction of any architectural structure, experts carefully examine the soil on which this structure will have to stand for many years. And it is precisely on what qualities the soil will possess, the choice of the foundation on which this building will be built will depend.
- Under sewer pipes and other engineering structures. Most often this is the same soil on which the structure will be built.
- Under the bearing walls. After the foundation is erected, it is automatically the foundation under the supporting walls of the building.
- Under the floors. The basis for the floors of the first floor may be the overlap of the basement, for subsequent floors - the ceiling of the previous floors.
- Under the roof. In most cases, they are the supporting walls of the building.
- Under the plaster. As it are the internal and external areas of the bearing walls and interior partitions.
In simple words, despite what is in front of you, it always rests on something, which is its foundation. Now let's talk about the varieties of foundations in architecture in more detail.
Foundations for the foundation
There are many kinds of foundations, and this is not without reason. Each of the foundations is designed for its own foundation. Types of foundations for foundations differ in their degree:
- bearing ability;
- compression
- heaving;
- leachability and solubility under the influence of groundwater;
- freezing;
- subsidence and predisposition to landslides.
It is on the basis of these factors that the type of foundation on which the structure will be erected is selected. Types of soils, that is, bases for buildings, are divided into:
- Cartilage - excellent for erecting a building on a shallow strip foundation. Its composition is clay and sand with impurities of rubble. It is almost not washed out and gives a little sediment.
- Sandy - suitable for any strip foundations, including block ones. Sand is an excellent base, perfectly compacted and moisture permeable. All this makes it dense and reliable, so the future building on such a basis can be erected on a columnar foundation.
- Rocky is the strongest and most reliable of all. Suitable for any type of foundation.
- Clay is the most heaving soil. For this, there will just be a strip or slab foundation.
- Marshy - no type of foundation, other than pile, is suitable here. It is advisable to use screw piles.
- Peat is also a rather weak soil. On such unstable and floating bases, it is best to stay on a slab foundation.
Foundations for pipelines
Depending on the types of soil, the types of bases for pipelines are divided into:
- Sandy.
- Concrete
- Reinforced concrete.
In the case of rocky, sandy loam, loamy and dry clay soils, the foundation for the pipes is laid with a 15-cm sandy, well-compacted bed.
If the soil is highly plastic, as is the case with some varieties of clay and loamy varieties, constantly in excess of moisture, it will be necessary to lay concrete slabs and a chair (coverage angle 135 °).
Laying pipelines in freshly filled soils, as well as in soils with expected and unpredictable sediment, requires sealing the base from reinforced concrete pillows.
The bases under the bearing walls
The types of bases under the bearing walls directly depend on the structural features of the foundation, since, in fact, it serves as their foundation. Depending on its varieties, as well as on the weight of the building, load-bearing walls begin to be erected:
- in the case of a strip foundation, directly onto the walls (ribs) of the strip foundation itself;
- in the case of a stove - on the stove;
- in the case of a columnar or pile foundation, a grillage is mounted, and the walls are already being erected on it.
Types of bases for cobblestones can be concrete (reinforced concrete grillage) or metal. Many even build a wooden pile foundation with a wooden grillage.
Subfloors
There are many types of bases for floors, but they all come down to a scheme of the following nature:
- The compacted soil, on which the layer of gravel-sand mixture is distributed, is also carefully compacted.
- Rough concrete base of small width.
- A layer of steam, hydro and thermal insulation. As vapor barrier, special liquid rubbers, diffuse membranes or a plastic film are used. Many at this stage choose building roofing. In most cases, expanded polystyrene acts as thermal insulation, although many again can be content with a layer of expanded clay. Waterproofing - the same polyethylene or polypropylene.
- Reinforced concrete screed, which will serve as the basis for the main floor covering.
Basement under the roof
The types of roof bases directly depend on whether the attic floor will be residential, and on the types of roofing material. In the event that residential premises are located in the attic, the roof should be better insulated and equipped from the inside so as to serve as the basis for interior decoration.
Depending on the mentioned factors, the types of bases can be made with hanging or layered rafters. In the first case, the lightweight construction may consist of a tie, rafters and crossbar. In a more robust design, instead of the crossbar, a strut bar with struts can be used.
The design of the base of the roof with layered rafters can not do without Mauerlat, bedding, girders, racks, and rafters. A more complex design implies additional reinforcement with a crossbar and struts. For laying roofing material, depending on its variety, the rafters are equipped with a crate. In the case of roll varieties of roofing material, instead of rafters, a board stuffed close to each other can be used.
Plaster option: varieties
There are several types of substrates for plastering. All of them vary depending on the materials and structure of the surfaces on which it will be applied.
The main varieties of bases:
- Wall surface coated with a special primer. There are different types of primers suitable for both concrete and wooden surfaces. All of them enhance the adhesion of the stucco with the material of the wall or wall covering.
- The wall surface, in which special serifs are often made, increasing the adhesion of the plaster to the material of this surface. On a rough brick, the stucco always grasps well. If the masonry is made of smooth brick or the plaster is applied on a flat concrete surface, there is a big risk that it simply peels off the wall and collapses. It is for this that notches are needed. They look like oblong grooves, up to 0.5 cm deep, made as often as possible over the entire area of the wall.
- Wall surface equipped with reinforced mesh. The grid, planted on the dowels, will keep the plaster on any surface. If the plaster will be applied to painted walls, you should apply both options - and serifs, and reinforced mesh.
- Wall surface equipped with reed mat. This type of base is used in houses with adobe, wooden walls or partitions. The reed mat will reliably hold the plaster on any of these surfaces.
Conclusion
There are many more varieties of bases, for example, a base for putty, for painting, for wallpaper, but they are all based on the same principle - to improve the adhesion of finishing materials to the surface. Those who want to get acquainted with the preparation of the walls for wallpapering can watch the next video.
As can be seen from the article, architecture does not tolerate simplicity. All components of the building should not only be carefully sized, but also well bonded to each other. A thorough and proper preparation of the grounds will help to do this.