Masonry masonry is a special construction technology that involves the use of debris and pieces of natural buta that are different in size. In this case, you can apply a variety of techniques, but each of them requires the master to have professional knowledge and special skills. Crushed stone is a natural material that is widely used for the construction of foundations and other structures. It has been known since ancient times and has not lost its popularity to this day. This is due to its unique properties: accessibility, environmental friendliness and durability.
Today it is used for processing exterior walls, during landscaping, and also when laying the foundation. Booth - a stone that must comply with GOST 2173-87. Weight will depend on the breed, which affects the cost of production. On average, one cubic meter of hard rock has a mass within 2 tons. When used in settlements, such a characteristic as radioactivity is important. The first class is intended for residential areas, while the second - for the construction of bridges, embankments and roads. The density of the stone can vary from 1.4 to 1.8 t / m 3 . Frost resistance will depend on the breed and is set by counting the number of freezing and thawing cycles. The most frost-resistant brands are F300-F400, they are designed for operation in extreme climatic conditions.
Preparation of tools before laying rubble stone
Booth - a stone that must be laid according to a certain technology. It provides for the need to prepare some tools. Among them:
- a container for mixing the solution;
- shovel;
- wooden boxes;
- lighthouse cords;
- formwork;
- tamper or hammer;
- water;
- cement;
- a rock;
- vibrator;
- tools for grinding a stone surface.
After preparing the entire set of tools, you can proceed to further work.
Stone mounting methods
Natural stone can be laid according to one of the existing technologies, namely:
- shovel masonry;
- under the bay;
- under the bracket;
- with vibration compaction.
Before starting work, it is necessary to consider some important points, which will be described below.
Styling recommendations
Laying of natural stone is carried out according to certain rules. For example, work may include the need for additional crushing of the material. If you use cobblestone, then on the visible surface of the object you should bring out a whole half of the material, which was not chipped. If we are talking about layered stones, then they should not be laid on the edge, they should be placed on top of each other horizontally. Technology implies the need for sorting and selection of material. In advance, these works should be carried out in an open area near the construction site. It is necessary to be guided by the system of location and dressing of seams, which is used when laying bricks. If you want to buy rubble stone, then you should give preference to flat blocks, which during the installation process will be located in a natural combination.
Installation of material under the blade during the construction of the foundation
The rubble foundation is laid in horizontal rows, the thickness of each of which should not exceed 20 cm. A seam should be left between the stones, the thickness of which should not be more than 15 mm. The rubble foundation may have separate rows of its thickness, however, along the entire length, each row should be even. If you want to lay rubble stone according to this technology, then you should be guided by the following instructions. At the base should be verst stones, and during the work it will be necessary to install beacons. Before starting the formation of the inner and outer walls every three meters and at the intersection of the walls, beacons should be installed using cords. With their help, it will be possible to erect a flat wall, analyzing the straightness of the outer side of the foundation.
The nuances of the work
It is necessary to fill the layer of the solution by lifting the stones, it is necessary to do this in such a way that the solution gets into all the cavities. The rubble masonry should be carried out using a rammer or a hammer, with their help the products are deposited. The middle of the foundation is filled with a bonding solution, which is superimposed with a shovel. Excess mixture should seep into all seams, in the summer you should observe the dressing of the seams. It is important to change stick and spoon elements. If we allow the contact of the elements during masonry, this will entail a decrease in the strength of the structure.
Methodology
When the foundation is built, the next step is to carry out the crushing of the laying. The stones should be tapped with a hammer, this will allow the solution to fill all the voids between the elements. Each stacked row should be aligned. Subsequent work is carried out according to the above technology.
Creating the foundation for the foundation
The rubble stone is still laid under the foundation, for this they are preliminarily prepared:
- capacity for solution;
- gutters for draining mortar and stone;
- solution;
- the stones.
First you need to prepare a trench, the depth of which is 1.3 m. Boxes for mortar are installed on the bottom, and the distance between them should be 6 m. Stones should be laid in the spaces between the drawers, this must be done manually. The voids are filled with crushed stone, and the following solution boxes are placed on the stone. They should be filled with the mixture through the grooves, which are located at an angle of 45 degrees. This will ensure a smooth filling of the box, guaranteeing the integrity of the structure. Between the drawers, the next layer of stone is installed, it should be lowered along the gutter with a cross section of 40 cm. For even masonry, wood patterns that match the base profile should be mounted. They should be 20 m apart. Marking is fixed on the patterns, the cords are pulled. Thus, the stones are stacked to the desired height.
Fence construction
The rubble fence will have a foundation and pillars. To begin with, markup is carried out on the territory, while the width of the column and the depth of freezing should be taken into account. A trench should be excavated, the width of which can reach 500 mm, while the depth is 800 mm. For the ligament, the reinforcement should be laid , and in those places where it is supposed to install the posts, it should look out. Concreting should be done in a continuous stream. The fittings under the pillars are covered with concrete at 20 mm. The surface of the foundation is leveled horizontally with a level or level. The foundation is covered with plastic wrap and left for three weeks to dry.
Masonry pillars
The rubble masonry will form the basis of the fence posts. The extreme posts are connected by twine, a right angle is set using a square. On the surface of the foundation, you should draw a straight line by measuring the distance between opposite corners. The first corner stone is set according to the level, after which you can proceed with the installation of the rest. The height of the stones for the pillar can be different, and between the corners you should leave free space and a place to fill. Permissible deviation in height is 1 cm per 200 cm.
Spans
The rubble masonry will form the basis of the spans; for this, products with smooth surfaces are laid on two sides of the future fence. In this case, you can pre-install the formwork, which will create even walls. The solution is poured into the space between the two sides of the stone, it should be compacted using a vibrator or reinforcement. If you decide to abandon the use of formwork, you should use a rope that stretches between the opposite ends of the future fence. The top line of the fence should be flat, and the stones for the last row should be selected so that they have the same height.
Wall laying
The rubble walls can be mounted using vibration sealing technology. This technique allows you to get the most durable design. To implement it, you should dig a trench, laying one row of stones at the bottom. To fill the voids should use a solution. Then a vibrator is used, the use of which allows you to qualitatively seal the masonry and make it as durable as possible. Tamping should be performed until the entire solution is absorbed into the masonry. The following rows need to be laid using the “under the scapula” method, installing a vibratory machine after each layer.
Cost of work
Do-it-yourself masonry laying can be done by any home master, but this process cannot be called extremely simple. Therefore, you can use the services of professionals. To do this, ask about the cost of the work. For the reason that such manipulations take a lot of time, the price of rubble masonry starts from 1000 rubles. for 1 m 3 . If we are talking about internal partitions, then they are built at a cost of 800 rubles. for 1 m 2 . Such structures can be supplemented with fittings, as well as insulation.