The law on education in the Russian Federation - 273 FZ, adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, it fully regulates the education sector in our country. For the leaders of educational institutions, this document is a reference book, a kind of Bible, which they must know and strictly observe all the provisions. It is advisable that both parents and students of various educational institutions also become familiar with the main provisions of the Law.
Unfortunately, within the framework of one article it is impossible to analyze in detail the whole Law, each paragraph of it. We will analyze the key, most important provisions that can help many consumers of educational services, because the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" is applied in kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities, etc.
Basic concepts
Education is a single focused process of education and training of an individual, a set of acquired knowledge, skills, experience, moral values, and attitudes. The goal is the formation of a comprehensively developed citizen with a high intellectual, physical, cultural, spiritual and moral development.
It is a mistake to believe that education consists only in obtaining information. Here we incorrectly operate with terms.
Training is the purposeful acquisition of knowledge, skills.
Parenting is a process aimed at the spiritual and moral development of a person, as a result of which the development of generally accepted rules and norms should take place.
Education includes training (the acquisition of knowledge and skills), upbringing (the development of generally accepted norms), physical development.
Teacher: concept, requirement for education
A teacher is a person who carries out the educational process. It consists in labor relations with an educational organization, performs certain official duties, receiving wages for this. Before the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted, there were no legislative restrictions on the adoption of a teacher in a school or a kindergarten teacher. At school, it was quite normal to see as a teacher a person who himself with difficulty finished it at one time. In the absence of professional personnel, with low teachers' salaries, few went to pedagogical universities. The problem is aggravated by a very low percentage of graduates who decide to connect their lives with educational institutions.
Today the situation is different: the law "On Education in the Russian Federation" establishes a ban on teaching people who do not have the appropriate qualifications. In Art. 46 of the Law, it is expressly established that the right to be an education worker has a person who has graduated from a secondary specialized or higher educational institution. Education alone is not enough. It will still be necessary to go through the additional specialization “Pedagogy” if the applicant’s university or colleges are not pedagogical.
Education document
The Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the issuance of supporting documents (certificate, diploma) for passing the following levels of education:
- Basic general.
- Average total.
- Primary professional.
- Secondary professional.
- Higher education - undergraduate.
- Higher education is a specialty.
- Higher education - master's program.
Education system
The Law "On the Education of the Russian Federation" (latest edition) contains a hierarchy of the main components in a single education system:
- Federal state standards and instructions are normative documents, according to which schools, institutes, colleges are obliged to carry out educational activities. The status of an educational organization does not matter: commercial, budgetary, state-owned - if it has a license to issue relevant documents, it is obliged to provide training based on standards.
- Direct implementation of training: educational organizations, teaching staff, students, legal representatives.
- Federal government bodies, authorities of the entities exercising control. The main role belongs to the Federal State Service for Supervision of Education (Rosobrnadzor). In the regions, this function is performed by the ministries of regional education. They monitor the implementation of state standards in educational institutions.
- Organizations providing educational activities. In districts, district education committees are involved in financing public schools. They also conduct appraisal activities in the controlled territory of all schools.
- Associations of individuals or legal entities engaged in educational activities. A striking example is the union of teachers.
Objectives of Federal State Standards
The Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" assigns a key place to federal state standards. They perform the following tasks:
- Unity of education. It follows that throughout the country, students receive an identical level of education, which means equal opportunities.
- Continuity. Despite the dynamic development and reform of the education system, the introduction of new standards and requirements, the key task is to maintain continuity. It is impossible every year to completely destroy the entire system for the sake of momentary political or economic benefits.
- Variability. Despite the unity of education as a whole, the law on education in the Russian Federation excludes the rigid totalitarian framework of unity upon receipt. Depending on the abilities, desire, time, various options are created to achieve certain tasks.
- Warranty. It follows that the state controls the unity of education throughout the country.
You can study at home! Forms of training
It is difficult to imagine for a Soviet person, but the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” provides for training not only in educational institutions. Article 17 lists acceptable forms of training:
- In the traditional form - in specialized educational institutions.
- In an alternative form - outside specialized educational institutions.
The traditional form is divided into:
- Full-time.
- In absentia.
- Part-time.
Distance learning is gaining popularity in our time. In the age of information technology, it has become a reality to visit museums, theaters, rare exhibitions on the other side of the planet without leaving home. Information and communication technologies have penetrated into training.
Law "On the Education of the Russian Federation" - a new law. However, he does not distinguish distance education in a separate category. The student is at home, preparing according to an individual schedule, listening to lectures remotely, using communication channels. Therefore, distance education belongs to the category of distance learning.
Alternative form
A child does not have to be sent to school today to receive a certificate of secondary education. The Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” allows such an opportunity. In addition, the state allocates money for alternative forms of education for each child.
Kinds
Obtaining a certificate outside the school is divided into two types:
- Family education.
- Self-education.
Family education involves shifting the learning function to the family. It is for this form that the state pays compensation. Of course, schools react very painfully to this. This is understandable: no one wants to be left without a salary. Judicial practice shows that the courts are completely on the side of the parents. The average compensation for a middle and senior student is about 10 thousand rubles.
The problem of attracting child labor as cleaners
School duty is a tradition that has come to us from the Soviet past. Many parents still do not see a problem in mopping their children as part of their school duty. However, Article 34 of the Law expressly provides for the consent of parents to such involvement of a child in work. Required are technology and labor training classes. It is on them that students are legally required, in accordance with federal state programs, to work: sewing, cooking, and wood processing. Everything else is only at the request of the parents.
Summary
So, the main law that regulates the sphere of education is the Federal Law “On the Education of the Russian Federation”. His articles contain a description of the organization of the educational process, the competencies of local authorities, forms and types of education, the rules of final certification, etc. The most interesting points of this Law are discussed in the article.