Installation is a comprehensive installation, assembly of buildings and structures, engineering networks or their individual components. It is from him that the reliability and durability of the designs created depend on 50%. Therefore, when performing work, specialists are aware that it is necessary to perform high-quality installation. Installation methods, as a rule, vary depending on the objects that are being assembled at the moment. As a matter of fact, in each sphere in which installation works are carried out , there are several varieties of assembly. For example, the methods of installation of building structures, depending on the purpose, are of four types and are subject to certain principles.
Building construction. Installation Methods
For building structures, an important role in durability is played by properly completed installation. Installation methods in this case are divided into several - it all depends on the type and purpose of the object. All of them require different techniques for performing work and various specialists. Methods of mounting building structures are:
1) Elementally. In one stroke of the lifting mechanism only one component of the object rises and sets. Such wall mounting is most often used in civil engineering.
2) Large block. In one stroke of the lifting mechanism, several wall elements are lifted and further installation is carried out. Methods of installation in large blocks are most often used in the construction of buildings and structures for industrial use.
3) Separate. Installation is carried out according to the principle of the same type of construction - first one type, then another, etc.
4) Integrated. Cells in this case constitute the main unit for installation. Installation methods by this principle imply that first one cell is completely installed, then the next.
5) Longitudinal and transverse. Work is carried out in the direction along the structure or across, depending on the project and the functional purpose of the object.
The construction of walls in the construction of buildings and structures
The most widely and often performed installation of walls during the construction of construction projects by way of building. The upper structures are mounted on the already fixed lower ones. All elements are consistently built up over the entire area of the building. In this case, separate or mixed mounting methods are used.
The method of growing consists in mounting the walls from top to bottom. The lower floors are sequentially attached to the top floor or structural element. First, all the floors of the building are arranged, and then the walls are completed.
The methods of sliding, turning and vertical lifting are based on the primary assembly of a large unit on the ground and then its further movement to the place of permanent location.
Network engineering. Cabling
The methods for installing the cable when laying it are selected depending on many factors. These are such as location, power, number of wires, environmental pollution, groundwater, power sources, sources of consumption.
If we talk about the cable that will be laid outside the building or under buildings or structures for various purposes, here the methods of laying can be as follows: trench, duct, tunnel, block gallery and trestle. In practice, cable mounting methods are mixed.
If the wiring is carried out in an industrial or residential building, the method also depends on what materials the walls, ceilings and floors are made of. The main methods are laying the cable in the gates, in the corrugated sleeve or behind the partition walls.
Trenchless laying of utility networks
Most utilities are laid underground in various ways. However, at the preparatory stage, trenching is almost always performed. This is a laborious and slow process. Thanks to new developments in science and technology, a new trenchless installation has appeared. Installation methods using this method allow you to use the minimum number of workers and reduce the time spent on arranging utility networks. This is the so-called horizontal drilling method. To perform such work requires a special drilling rig and an operator that monitors and corrects the direction of its work.
Installation of metal structures
Very often during construction work, such as the construction of buildings or the laying of utilities, metal structures are used. In most cases, they are guides for further work on the assembly of elements of the object. Therefore, the methods of installation of metal structures should be selected taking into account the features and purpose of the assembled product. The following options are possible:
1) welded;
2) anchor;
3) concreting;
4) bolted;
5) combined.
Which one will be used for a particular object is being developed at the design stage.
Concept of installation technology
Not a single constructed object can be qualitatively executed without design and compliance. Installation technology and its observance contribute not only to long-term operation afterwards, but also guarantee the absence of work to correct the marriage. The technology is as follows:
- Create a project.
- Preparing for installation. Includes verification of compliance with the project, product quality, applied mounting tags.
- The enlargement of nodes. This type of work is performed, if any, provided by the project. The product is partially assembled to perform the next step.
- Arrangement of scaffolding and scaffolding for the installation team.
- Slinging and feeding the structure to the place of work.
- Temporary installation, checking compliance with the project conditions, distribution of structures.
- Bringing the structure to the location of the project.
- Final fixing of the object in the intended place.
Installation Instructions
Whatever product or design requires installation work, there is an installation manual. For each object, its own regulations and methods are developed that combine the provisions of GOST and modern developments of equipment and tools for performing work. The instructions contain:
- Introduction General description of the object to be installed.
- General installation instructions. The general methodology of the work is described, without taking into account the features of the object.
- How is it necessary to carry out preparatory work.
- Installation and docking instructions. Instructions on how to perform work and connect with other elements.
- Adjustment and final docking.
- Adjustment and verification.
- Delivery of the mounted object or product.
Safety during installation
When performing any installation work, safety precautions must be followed. The admission of persons under 18 to their implementation is prohibited. Among the workers, safety training must be carried out . The site should ensure proper storage of materials and components, fences and signs in hazardous areas. All workers performing installation at height must be provided with helmets and safety belts.
Before lifting the object to the installation site, the reliability of all fasteners is checked. It is forbidden to move the object over the workers who are currently performing the installation. The design to the installation site can only be submitted from the outside of the building. After delivery of the structure, it is first temporarily fixed, and then freed from the lifting mechanisms.
When erecting and installing structures for various purposes, it is necessary to comply with the installation technology. With the right method (at the design stage) and compliance with the installation rules, the object will have high performance.