Institutions of state power are divided into several parts. Each has relative independence. For example, branches of the legislative, executive and judicial branches. On behalf of the people, as their voice and representative, the highest authority acts - parliament and the legislature. This term was borrowed by the institutions of state power from the British, and the phenomenon itself appeared in Iceland. Ancient Vikings gathered separately to solve issues related to public administration and to express the attitude of residents on certain legislative problems. Modern Russia and its authorities are subordinate to the basic law - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Using a popular vote, she determined the state system with a republican form of government and a presidential government.
What is the constitutional system based on?
Any collection has its own chapters and paragraphs. The Constitution of the Russian Federation consists of articles that explain each legislative provision. The institutions of state power are based on the constitutional system in Russia. It is based on the fundamental parts:
- democracy;
- federalism;
- social status;
- secularism;
- political and ideological diversity.
With democracy everything is clear. Article 3 states that sovereignty rests on a multinational people, it serves as the only source for public authorities in the Russian Federation. Citizens rule through various bodies and local governments. Federal laws control that no one seizes or seizes control of a country. What to do with federalism and democracy if such concepts are not included in the Constitution? But the unitary state owns the signs:
- integrity;
- sovereignty;
- system unity;
- centralization of structures for governing the country.
Constitutional nuances
It is characteristic of the federation that state power institutions use independent governance in the subjects to form their own bodies with the presence of differentiated powers. No one should interfere in their decisions. With regard to these problems, the Constitutional Court spoke in its decisions with appropriate arguments, but they did not affect anything.
The constitutional institute of state power, in accordance with the rules on court links, can be considered on the other hand, where there is no unitary rule. In Russia, there are two systems with their own powers - federal bodies and state power of the subjects. Article 7 of the Constitution discloses state social policy; with its help, such conditions are created for people to live worthily and develop freely. In relation to the secular state, there is a mention in article 14, which gives restrictive opportunities for religions. None of them can become the main one, all religious entities exist separately from state structures and are subject to the laws of the Russian Federation. Article 13 designated for Russia the recognition of political institutions of state power with a multi-party system and equality before the law. They cannot establish their supremacy in order to interpret the direction of activity as the only correct one.
Main prohibitions
No one can approve the ideological orientation for state power institutions in the Russian Federation as mandatory. It is forbidden in the country to create societies that deliberately undermine state integrity and try to force to change the constitutional system. It is impossible to organize illegal armed groups in Russia, with their help to incite conflicts:
- social;
- racial;
- national;
- religious.
The main legislative act in Art. 1 part 1 made a determination for Russia as a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government. The powers of state power institutions are balanced in such a way that the Russian Federation can be mistaken for a mixed republic. It combines presidential and parliamentary forms with republican government.
The structure and basis of separation
The powers of state power institutions , based on the assertions of Article 10 of the Constitution, act independently in legislative, executive and judicial structures. So, the main law recognized the principle of power separation. This is stated in article 11, which indicates the main state institutions of power:
- President of the Russian Federation.
- Federal Assembly, Federation Council and State Duma.
- Government of the Russian Federation.
- Courts of the Russian Federation.
Who dominates the regions?
It should be emphasized separately that the state institutions of power of the Russian Federation did not include local self-government in their system. Subjects are given the right to create their own authorities. This provision is included in article 12 of the Constitution. They can act independently, limited by their own powers, and the state recognizes them and gives a guarantee to local self-government. Chapter 8 of the main law describes how in the regions local authorities resolve issues with the population regarding:
- possessions;
- use;
- disposition of property that belongs to municipal property.
Officials are appointed by the electoral method after the election and secret ballot of citizens. The local institute of the system of government bodies independently:
- manages municipal property;
- forms, approves, executes the local budget;
- establishes the procedure for taxes and fees;
- protects public order;
- solves all the problems that arose in the subject.
Local government has been given wide powers. Here they can even develop their own laws, provided that these legislative acts do not contradict the Federal law and the Constitution in any way. If a region is given separate state powers under the law to transfer tangible financial resources, they become federal controlled.
How to create a new political institution?
Along with the highest position in power structures since 1991, a new institution appeared - the presidential. It was a difficult time for the country, its form was changing, and a new branch was trying to create a real government, so that the laws were not only approved, but also enforced. The presidency was formed during the economic and political crisis, when interethnic relations intensified, and the unity of the authorities was weakened. There was no interaction between the institutions of state power, since there was a stratification in the union and republican legislation. His experience regarding the organization of presidential power was not. Then they tried to form a concept from foreign examples. Constant adjustments took place, they were introduced into the Constitution until the President received a stable legal status with enhanced powers. At present, the head of state successfully rules the country. It guarantees the basic provisions of the Constitution:
- civil rights and freedoms;
- sovereignty of the country;
- independence and state integrity;
- ensuring the coordinated functioning and interaction of government authorities;
- determination of political directions.
The president represents the state in every way. A citizen can be approved for this post after being elected in a general, equal election by secret ballot. A post can be held in two terms of six years, if the population chooses.
What do legislators do?
Lawmaking is the main function of the legislature. The bicameral parliament is represented by the Federal Assembly, consisting of the Federation Council and the State Duma. Basically, their meetings are held separately from each other. Together they gather to learn about new presidential directives, decisions sent by the Constitutional Court or to hear the speech of a foreign leader who visited them. Chambers are formed by deputies after the election on the basis of federal law. Salaries of members of parliament receive equal ministerial salaries.
Practical enforcement of laws
If lawmakers develop laws, then the institutions of state power, the executive branch in particular, implements them. Her managerial activity is aimed at satisfying public interests at the request and civic needs. Implementation occurs through authority and administrative rights. The staff is formed selectively on the basis of suffrage, followed by appointment. The structure contains civil servants:
- literate;
- competent;
- legally educated;
- knowledgeable in law.
The executive branch consists of federal and regional bodies:
- Ministries.
- Federal services and agencies.
- Committees.
- Departments.
- Headquarters.
Authorities differ in criteria:
- state power is simultaneously a limited and independent branch;
- performs by-law tasks;
- well organized;
- executive and administrative actions by nature are constant, continuous;
- possesses material resources and authority.
Executive institutions of state power and management are designed to perform:
- by-laws regulation;
- implementation of state policy in various spheres of life, carrying out managerial activities;
- administrative enforcement;
- licensing, registrations, certifications;
- control over legal norms and generally binding rules;
- creation of order, its protection with ensuring the safe existence of citizens;
- providing information to authorities.
Executive departments theory is being put into practice.
Judicial Principles
The power of the courts consists of an orderly system with common goals and objectives, the basis of which are democratic principles. Judicial institutions are divided by administrative-territorial and national-state compliance. The power branch is distinguished by its features and criteria compared to others:
- exclusivity;
- independence;
- procedural order.
This body exists in courts where judges exercise power. They are managed by procedural legislation. Sentences are pronounced and announced in accordance with law and competence. Material and social guarantees help support judicial independence and autonomy. The Institute consists of federal and regional judicial bodies. The power structure contains jurisdiction:
- constitutional;
- general;
- arbitration.
All legal elements for the purpose of interaction are connected by a single system, which ensures compliance with the law and protection of civil rights.
Social Institute of State Power
The activities of social and public institutions include the implementation, organization of the normal life of citizens. The power structure provides the population with the needs of:
- social;
- economic;
- political;
- cultural.
Authorities exert influence on citizens by established rules of conduct. According to sociologists, the long-term existence of the state largely depends on the action of a social institution. These bodies satisfy the needs of:
- safe life;
- material;
- training;
- spiritual.
Departments of this education contain:
- instructions for the implementation of role models in behavior and status;
- substantiation of a theoretical, ideological, religious, mythological worldview;
- translation of material, ideal, symbolic experience, as well as methods that stimulate one behavioral character and repress other behavior;
- social position.
It should be excluded from the concept of public institutions:
- collective actors;
- social groups;
- enterprises.
They act through special social mechanisms that reproduce certain relationships.
A social authority has been created in the country to meet the challenges of:
- the satisfaction of individuals and societies with necessary needs;
- regulating desired behavior;
- the definition and maintenance of a general social order with the help of social regulators;
- integrating intentions to ensure internal cohesion.
Public institutions solve not only specific tasks, they tend to perform universal actions that:
- Consolidate and reproduce social relations. At their disposal are standard rules and regulations.
- Provide adjustment of relations between members of society, choosing patterns and patterns of behavior.
- Integration creates a cohesive, interdependent, responsible society. It helps to achieve the goal, to ensure institutionalized norms, values, rules, sanctions.
- They convey social experience with a translating function. For normal activity, it is necessary to update people who have learned the rules, a generation change is taking place. For this, an instrument of socialization with values and norms is provided.
- Communicatively disseminate the necessary information within one body and between scientific institutions, making a formal connection.
Qualitative attributes and interaction
There are various institutions of a social orientation. They are distinguished by quality criteria. For political state institutions, trade union or party, any public organizations pursuing a political goal, it is characteristic to direct, establish, support a certain form of government policy. In aggregate, a political system is created in a particular society. With the help of political institutions, the sustainable maintenance of ideological principles is ensured. Stabilization of the social and class structure dominant among the population is taking place.
Cultural and educational institutions master core values. Normative and orienting mechanisms carry out a moral and ethical orientation to control behavior in order to instill motivation with an ethical basis, to affirm human values according to special codes. Standards and sanctions govern the rule of law and responsibility. The state uses coercive force and the legislative system.
After the liquidation of the USSR in the country, years passed the structuring of the power system, the process is not over yet. Now legislators are no longer guided by the experience of Western countries, they believe that their own skills are enough.