The formation of connected human speech has been going on for many millennia. At later stages, the written form of speech developed. In the modern language, the presence of three main types of texts is noted: narration, description, reasoning. Texts are distinguished by their functionality, carry different semantic load, have a certain structure.
Types of texts, their use
Any text is pronounced or recorded for some reason. Its content largely depends on this. For speech design, there is a certain set of tools, their use depends on the type of text.
Narration, description, reasoning - texts that are most often used in oral and written speech.
Description text
This type of text is created in order to indicate that the subject belongs to a specific group. For this, as a rule, its characteristic features, functionality, and area of ​​use are described.
To give an idea of ​​the subject, a general description is necessarily given in one part of the text. Most often this is done at the beginning or end.
A full description of the subject is impossible without detail. The most important features are described in detail, taking into account the meaning that needs to be conveyed through the text. The description can easily pose the questions “what?”, “What?”. This type of text is easy to illustrate. In this case, one picture is sufficient, which will depict both the general signs of an object or phenomenon, and all its important details. The action takes place at a specific place in a specific time period. Of the expressive means of language, the method of comparison, contrasting, analogy is used. Simple and
complex sentences are constructions included in the text description.
Storytelling. Text creation goals
The purpose of this text is to describe an event in which the relationship of individual facts is viewed. The reader should understand the course of development of one or more interconnected stories.
For the fullest understanding of the purpose for which a text of this type is created, it will be useful to consider a chain of
related words: narration - story - message. From here it becomes clear that to tell is to tell.
Characteristics of the text
If the reader, after reading the contents of the text, can answer some questions for himself: “what happened”, “what happened from the very beginning”, “how the story ended”, “what moment was the climax in the development of events”. This indicates that he is dealing with a type of speech such as narration.
Here, verbs that can be included in narrative, interrogative, exclamatory sentences play a huge role.
The storytelling emphasizes the change of events and their logical sequence. In texts of this type, a chronology is traced. Simple and complex sentences form the basis of texts of this type.
Narration: an example
As an example, you can take the text from the collection of exercises designed to work with children of primary school age. The story is called "On the Seashore."
“There was a strong storm at night. The wind blew fiercely. The whole house shook from the storm. Sea waves threatened menacingly. By the morning the storm gradually subsided. Natasha and Seryozha went for a walk to the sea. The girl picked up a small helpless crustacean from the sand. At night the waves threw him to the seashore The crustacean moved its legs weakly. Natasha threw the poor fellow into the water. He swam in the green water and quickly swam away. A fish swam on the side of the coastal puddle. The boy caught it and quickly released it into the sea. Then Seryozha found two helpless snails. They almost dried up and also needed n "Oregon. On this day, Seryozha and Natasha saved many marine inhabitants."
Russian folk tales can also serve as examples of narrative texts. The structure, plot development, culmination and denouement of the action are clearly visible in their structure. The narrative is found in fiction and scientific literature, as well as in all genres of colloquial style.
Definition of types of speech. Receptions
After the children have read the text-narrative, an example of which is given above, they can be invited to determine its theme and main idea. Collectively discussing the proposed task, it is appropriate to answer the question "what did Seryozha and Natasha do?" Pupils list all the acts committed by the heroes of the story. It will be useful to give an assessment of the actions of the characters. In addition, you need to ask the children to tell about the events that preceded the actions of the heroes. The plot is very important in the narrative text.
One of the techniques that helps to determine whether a text belongs to a particular type of speech is verbal drawing. To do this, ask the children to determine how many frames of the filmstrip they can compose in order to convey the content of the text. Schoolchildren discover that one frame does not convey the entire sequence of events, they need a series of pictures. After such work, children easily determine that the story is a narrative. An example of this type of text is for children to compose on their own. Moreover, at a certain stage of training, they can indicate all its essential features.
Reasoning text
This type of speech is intended not only to indicate the signs of the subject, but also to investigate them. In addition, it is necessary to prove and justify the existence of interconnections, which the narrative does not require at all.
An example of a reasoning text will necessarily contain a thought intended for proof, as well as conclusions, explanations, reasoning, thanks to which the assumption will be proved.
Logic is very important in the text, so the line of reasoning should be clearly structured. Everything that does not relate to the proof of the thesis is excluded from the article. The design most often uses simple, widespread sentences and complex ones with subordinate circumstances, goals, causes, and consequences.
Of the questions, the reasoning text is best suited for such as “why?”, “Why?”, “Why?”
Speech observation
A general educational program in the Russian language should give students knowledge of what a text is, its type. Narratives, reasoning, descriptions are given as examples. But the main thing that children need to be taught is the ability to prove a text belongs to one type or another and independently compose them on a topic set by the teacher.
To master these skills, students must:
- distinguish text from a set of sentences;
- know the structure of the text, its main parts;
- be able to put one of the questions to the content of the work on which it is easy to determine its belonging to the type of speech;
- be able to assess the life situation in which a certain type of speech should be used.
When working on the text, it is easy to notice that there is such a thing as a combination of its various types in one work. Fragments are included in the presentation not in isolation from each other, but in close connection. Therefore, it is very important not only to learn to distinguish between types of speech, but also to skillfully combine them with each other.
A graduate of an elementary school, provided that the work on the development of speech was carried out systematically, without much difficulty determines the type of text: narration, description, reasoning. Work on the ability to compose and combine them with each other continues at the next stages of training.