In every country, regardless of its size, there are many laws. A law is a regulatory act that is adopted in a special order. Only the highest state body, most often called the parliament, can accept them. However, there are cases when the adoption of any legislative act is submitted for general consideration - a referendum. In this case, the people will decide whether to accept it or not. In addition, these acts are the most legally strong documents, the purpose of which is the settlement of the most important disputed relations in society.
Signs
Like any other document, the legislative act has its own characteristics by which it can be distinguished from others.
- The first sign, as mentioned earlier, is that only a parliament or a popular referendum can approve such a document.
- The second sign of such an act is that its content is most often only normative.
- The process of adopting such documents has a special order.
- The last sign of a legislative act is that it is always carried out in writing, and also in its content there are primary rules of law that are designed to solve conflicts in public and public life.
It is also worthwhile to dwell in more detail on the fact that such a document has the highest legal force.
- Firstly, the highest legal force is manifested in the fact that only a parliament or a general referendum, that is, the people of the whole country, can accept or cancel it.
- Secondly, other legal acts should be written with an eye to an existing law.
- Thirdly, if a conflict arises between a law and a sub-law, that is, a normative act, then the norms of the law are primarily applicable.
System
The legislative acts of the Russian Federation, as well as the acts of other countries, are most often combined into a system of laws. A characteristic difference of the system is that it contains all the legal acts that have unity and coherence. That is, they are designed to solve the same issue, but each of the laws complements or clarifies the other. In addition, the systematization of legislation helps to classify legal material, which increases the convenience of its use at the right time.
It is also worth noting that the legislative body of the Russian Federation includes the entire body of legal acts. This system is also designed to divide them into classes according to their area of action, as well as according to their strength from a legal point of view. For example, the first group of such documents includes civil, family and labor law.
Federal level system
Since the state of the Russian Federation is federal, it also has a federal system of legislation. This system can include documents such as the Constitution, international treaties in which the Russian Federation is involved, as well as legal acts (laws). Legislative acts may also be applied to each individual subject that is part of the Russian Federation. In addition to these acts, they may issue their own Constitutions, as well as normative and legal acts. The full system of legislation of the Russian Federation includes all regulatory acts at the federal level.
Ordering
It is important to note that the streamlining of legislative acts is objective. In addition, if we talk about the system of legislation, then most often its content is determined by the material and social status of society. It follows from this that the state issues any legal acts on the basis of which tasks it is necessary to solve in order to improve the life of a social society. And this happens at every stage of the country's historical development. It is also worth noting that the legislative system is designed not only to streamline the legislative acts of the Russian Federation, but also to create an organic system of laws. If we consider Russia, then the main direction of the development of the legislative system is the publication of normative acts.
It is also important to understand that legal acts are the basis of the entire legislative system. Legislative and normative acts, systematized and compiled into the system of legislation, are the result of successful and high-quality work of the country's legal body.
Classification
There is a separation of laws into several types. This separation is based on the significance of the content of the document itself. On this basis, constitutional and ordinary laws are distinguished.
The first group, that is, the constitutional group, includes individual legislative acts of the Russian Federation, by which it is possible to amend the Constitution itself, as well as documents that enforce the same law. In addition, the Constitution itself belongs to this class.
You can distinguish these laws from others by the nature of their adoption, as well as by their content. The constitution of any country is a document that has not only the highest legal force, but it is also a political, and to some extent an ideological act.
If we talk about ordinary laws, then they can be divided into two groups: codified and current. The first group includes systems of laws and regulations that are adopted to regulate a whole area of public rules. All other laws are considered current.
the federal law
A federal law is also a normative legal act, but its difference is that the federal government is involved in its publication and development. Federal legislative acts are called upon to regulate the most important economic, social, and political aspects of society. If we talk about the legal force of such laws, then they stand immediately after the Constitution. In other words, this is the second most legal act in the state. It is such a prefix, such as "federal", that indicates that the law is binding in all subjects of the country. If in any of the cases the federal law and the law adopted by the subject of the Russian Federation collide, then the federal has more legal force and it is worth following it. Exceptions include only those cases that are described in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in part 6 of article 76.
If we talk about the procedure for adopting a federal law, then it is regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the action itself is called the legislative process. The law comes into force only after it is submitted for consideration to both chambers, that is, to the State Duma and the Federation Council, is adopted by these bodies and signed, and then it is made public personally by the president of the Russian Federation.
Alteration
Naturally, over the long period of existence of the act, it may be necessary to review it and make changes. Amendments to legislative acts are considered:
- The process of replacing words or numbers.
- The process of deleting words, numbers or whole sentences.
- The process of removing a structural unit that has not yet entered into force due to the fact that the legislative act was also not adopted.
- The process of editing or creating a new structural unit of a legislative document.
- The process of supplementing this unit with new parts.
- Suspension of the legislative act as a whole or its structural unit.
- Extension of the validity period of a document or its unit.
Types of laws
In addition to the general classification of laws, which includes only constitutional and ordinary laws, there are several other types.
There are emergency laws that are adopted by the government in the event of such a need, that is, in an emergency.
There are also security or operational laws. This category includes documents that can be used to introduce any other law. They can also be used to ratify any international treaties. The purpose of such acts is not to create new standards, but to quickly confirm existing ones.