One of the leading characteristics of any state is the political (aka state) regime. In fact, it is he who becomes the determining force that affects the formation and functioning of the institutions of state power.
Through it, the transformation of both the form of government and the administrative-territorial structure can be carried out. And in order to understand how these processes proceed, it is necessary to clearly understand what political regimes are. Therefore, it is worthwhile to define them, to reveal the main characteristics and types.
Political regimes and their types
In science, the state regime is defined as a set of methods and methods of functioning of public authorities. And it is precisely what this strategy of governing the country is that the type of political regime depends on. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight the main criteria by which the classification is carried out.
The first sign is a management method. Political regimes are based on three main ways of using power, which include: the method of legal coercion, the method of violence and the combination of the first two methods.
The second sign is the degree of population participation in government. Most countries are positioned as republics, i.e. de jure power belongs to the people. But political regimes reflect the real situation in this area, namely: who de facto governs the state.
The third sign is the observance of universally recognized human and civil rights. This may include legal and de facto respect for natural and other rights. The fourth sign is the presence of political pluralism , both regulated by the basic law, and its actual existence.
Depending on these parameters, political regimes are divided into democratic and anti-democratic.
Today, democracy has become the only acceptable method of exercising state power. This statement is based on the fact that the management of state affairs is based on the method of legal coercion, the recorded human and civil rights are fully realized and have the fullness of legitimate protection. In addition, the people are directly involved in government, even when the monarchy is considered a form of government. It is in the latter case that the existence of political pluralism is most fully reflected.
Anti-democratic (in some cases they are called terrorist) regimes are the complete or partial opposite of the first kind. Management of state affairs is carried out on the basis of the method of violence or the partial combination of legitimate coercion and violence, and the advantage is in favor of the latter. The people appear in this case only as an instrument of the coming of a certain political force to power, and the rights of an individual person are below the interests of the state and its main force. Accordingly, political pluralism appears as a phenomenon rather decorative than real.
Such regimes are divided into two main categories - totalitarian and authoritarian. The first differs from the second only in the degree of visibility of observance of universal human rights and freedoms. Moreover, in the authoritarian regime, the leading role is played by the so-called "Cult of personality".
Political regimes of Russia
Speaking about modern Russia as a whole, it should be noted that a democratic regime operates on its territory . However, in political science it is customary to distinguish between such a concept as the regional political regimes of Russia. Here we are talking about the types of democratic state regime and the so-called "transitional regime". Depending on the development of a particular region, as well as on the prevailing socio-cultural traditions, a certain political regime is formed. But it is worth remembering that regardless of their types, regions are obliged to observe the provisions of democracy enshrined in the Constitution.
Political regimes and their types are a clear reflection of the true relationship "state - personality" in a particular country. Therefore, predicting the development of a state, one should carefully study the political regime in its legal and actual form.