Engineering surveys for the preparation of project documentation before the construction of the building are carried out by groups of specialists of various professions and specialties. Any private house or industrial structure will not be allowed to build competent departments without confirming the safety of the land plot, the compliance of the quality of the soil with the standards for living or the activities of citizens. To get the result of the research, a set of research is carried out, these activities include the study of the territory of future construction, its natural and technological features.
Building a house is expensive
If you start with an assessment of the consequences of the erected buildings, you can understand whether engineering surveys are needed to prepare project documentation before the start of the whole complex of measures. If you do not investigate the geology of the land allotted for the construction site, and erect a capital structure on it, naturally begin:
- cracks on the walls;
- soil flooding;
- dampness in rooms;
- constructive geometric violations;
- destruction of communication systems.
Experts begin to carry out engineering surveys for construction before the development of project documentation:
- geologists drill wells:
- take soil samples for analysis;
- write a conclusion.
After carrying out engineering surveys to prepare project documentation does not mean that the creation of a standard project will immediately begin. Initially, the design engineer will calculate which house can be built:
- by number of storeys;
- depth;
- width and type of foundation.
The owner of the private sector should not save on the work of engineers, the cost of their research is much less than the restoration of structures:
- tightening the foundation tapes;
- basement drying;
- alterations of waterproofing;
- restoration of the bases, surfaces of walls and ceilings, roofing cake.
The construction of buildings of any status should be carried out according to project documentation, where the first step in its creation is the study of building sites.
What is the work done for?
Carrying out engineering surveys for the preparation of project documentation is carried out to find out in what conditions it is necessary to build an object in a certain territory. The study of the construction site will allow making rational economic decisions during the creation of the project and during the construction process. What remains to be studied and included in the development depends on the type and purpose of the structures being constructed.
This activity consists of 2 areas:
Initially, the economic properties of the site are investigated. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to determine whether it is advisable to erect a structure on this area. Employees study, evaluate the information collected regarding the future development of a particular area, choose the best option for the location of the building. Developers pay great attention to expert opinions, hence expensive land plots appear on which it is profitable to build structures.
The main types of research
Engineering surveys for the preparation of project documentation differ in the type of their implementation.
Work is performed with the direction of:
- geological;
- geodetic;
- environmental;
- hydrometeorological.
Each study solves its own isolated problem.
What is the purpose?
Specialists of architecture and urban planning, developing project documentation, must know the condition of the lands on which the buildings will be built. According to the geodetic survey, an objective representation of the relief of the site is obtained. A topographic survey of the object is carried out, its result will make it possible to draw up a building plan according to individual drawings, to disperse the material and technical equipment of the construction site.
Geologists examine the soil to make an analysis of the suitability of the soil for construction. On the basis of the Regulation on the implementation of engineering surveys, developed according to Government Decision No. 20 of 01/19/2006, amended and supplemented on 05/12/2017, a database of studies is created, and a report is prepared based on the result. It provides calculated data for the future project, there should be no inaccuracies, otherwise violations will begin in the constructed structural elements.
Upon completion of research:
- prepare design documentation;
- Develop a construction estimate;
- calculate the consumption of materials.
Without exploring the territory, not one of the design organizations will start preparing the project. Developers carry out research or enter into an agreement with individuals, legal entities competent in this matter and meeting the requirements of engineering survey specialists.
Construction element
The layout of territories near the object under construction requires a separate documentary kit.
In the drawings, the planning structure should be highlighted:
- quarter;
- microdistrict;
- boundaries of land allotments with the location of various purpose buildings were established.
Documents are prepared for constructed or planned construction of structures. This stage involves the development of land surveying sites on urban plans, on this basis, infrastructure development projects are being prepared.
Phased work
In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, article 47 gives a clear idea that without studying the composition of the land on which the construction was located or the building is being reconstructed, none of the actions can be performed. Conducting research is carried out to create a building project, development is conducted by experienced specialists with licenses. They collect materials in a specific area where the construction of facilities will be carried out in 3 cycles:
- preparatory;
- field;
- cameral.
Employees of the departments investigate the areas in which buildings interact with the surrounding space, exclude the possible harm to natural resources, and ensure the safety of settlements. Researches are obtained from objects:
- sustainability;
- reliability;
- operational suitability.
Leading engineers from architecture and urban planning, based on research results, draw conclusions about the following indicators:
- conformity of natural conditions under which a project is developed on the basis of the data obtained;
- necessary structural details, their quality and requirements for load-bearing elements;
- ways to create a protective system;
- methods for conducting regular, routine, engineering observations.
Full and accurate information will allow engineers to study the natural conditions of the local zone.
What is studied during reconstruction?
By reconstruction of capital construction projects the Town Planning Code means:
- making changes to the parameters of capital construction objects in relation to heights, number of storeys, areas and volumes;
- add-ons;
- restructuring;
- building extensions;
- replacement of supporting structures.
Any action requires careful study so that people do not suffer from the destruction of walls, ceilings, or floors do not begin to fold like children's designers from the vacuum created under the foundation pillow. Responsibility for the safety of the building lies entirely with the developer for many years. In the event of an accident, an inspection is carried out, and first of all, the commission will consider the results of expert studies.
Preparatory Activities
Engineering surveys for the preparation of project documentation, construction, reconstruction of capital construction facilities begin with the collection of necessary information. To do this, draw up the terms of reference with a list of works and volumes. The deadline for completing all actions is set depending on the quantity and quality of the data collected. The duration of processes is affected by the lack of information about the study area.
Field reconnaissance
Field work begins with the development of:
- geodetic research;
- topographic surveys;
- geological exploration.
At the end of intelligence operations for engineering surveys for construction, they begin to develop soil. Work out mechanical or manual drilling to obtain soil from the depths of wells. Explore the location and course of groundwater sources. The total cost is influenced by the performance of mining. They are the most expensive, voluminous and complex in the designed construction projects.
What happens in the cameral period?
Office work should be understood as actions performed on the premises, in contrast to field studies. In this case, experimental, laboratory studies are carried out, the collected data is processed.
Work in progress:
- make topographic plans, maps;
- create schemes for geological sections;
- conduct hydrogeological analysis;
- describe the climatic characteristics of the land where the development will take place.
The technical report indicates the list of applications, it includes research documents:
- drawings and diagrams;
- calculations in the tables;
- soil tests.
Based on the results of the research, the developer will find out the necessary data about the site where he plans to build an industrial or residential building.
Laboratory research
After collecting soil samples in the field, employees transfer material to the laboratory. Here, tests are carried out above the ground, subjecting it to pressure.
Laboratory assistants establish:
- humidity;
- plastic;
- degree of fluidity;
- harmful impurities.
Employees will find out the level of filtration coefficient from the test. For the construction of buildings requires an indicator of the organic content in the earth. The data from the studies are compared with norms, rules, standards. As a result, the report indicates the outcome and recommendations.
When do they work?
As soon as the private owner or industrialist had a desire to build, first of all, they select a suitable land so that the layout of the territory combines the structure with the general landscape, they turn to the company for research.
Designers need to know:
- soil quality on the site allotted for construction to select materials;
- information on the freezing of soil and the state of its layers under the upper surface of the earth;
- groundwater is studied upon receipt at different times of the year.
For the reliability of the geological results of the work carried out in the spring. At this time, the earth is saturated with rain streams and meltwater, sources from natural keys indicate their proximity to the outer layers.
Wells for sampling do not have to be drilled at the site planned for construction. Reliability is not distorted by making technical holes away from the future home. For a drill it is better to work on an uneven surface, hills allow you to not tilt the installation. Land for construction will be saved for marking.
In order to register their work, applicants need to submit an application, the technical report is also submitted upon application. Upon initial contact, you must confirm your admission to such actions. Since 2017, engineering survey specialists are subject to registration in the national registry.