Who is Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl? Each student will answer that this person is the author of the Russian language dictionary. But not everyone knows that such informational books are intended not only for pupils and students. Dictionaries are used by experienced specialists in their field: teachers, philologists, translators and representatives of other professions. Therefore, there are a great many types of them. This article will cover the main ones.
History
Speech is constantly changing. And the language spoken by people who inhabited the territory of modern Russia four hundred to five hundred years ago is significantly different in grammatical and lexical composition. Lavrentiy Zizaniy is the author of a dictionary published at the end of the 16th century. The next edition appeared in 1627. Its author was Pamvo Berynda, and the purpose of this book was the interpretation of book Old Slavonic words and expressions. In 1704, Polikarpov-Orlov compiled the first translation dictionary, which included lexical units of three languages: Russian, Latin, Greek.
The phrase “author of the dictionary of the Russian language” is associated with the name of Vladimir Dahl, because the work of this person is the most significant in the history of Russian linguistics. His book contains more than two hundred thousand words. However, the first explanatory dictionary is usually called the Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which, however, is more etymological.
After Vladimir Dahl, such outstanding philologists as Grot, Ushakov, Ozhegov also worked in this area. These surnames are familiar to everyone. And everyone using his vocabulary Ozhegova, whose work is at least somehow related to the writing of texts.
Spelling dictionaries
The purpose of these dictionaries is to clarify the spelling of various lexical units. They do not contain interpretations of words, stable expressions or phraseological units. School, general or industry may be the spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Authors - Ushakov, Ozhegov. Similar reference editions are also edited by such authors as O. E. Ivanova and V. V. Lopatin.
Explanatory Dictionaries
A few words have already been said about this kind of dictionaries. It should be added that such reference literature is not only intended to explain the meaning of a word or phrase, but also includes a stylistic or grammatical characteristic, examples of use and other information.
Authors of Russian dictionaries:
- Lavrentiy Zizaniy.
- Pamvo Berynda.
- Vladimir Dahl.
- Dmitry Ushakov.
- Sergey Ozhegov.
The above list is compiled in chronological order.
Dictionaries of Synonyms
A good knowledge of the style of the language is, first of all, the ability to correctly select words that are close in meaning. A slight semantic coloring can make the lexical unit inappropriate in one context or another. In order to avoid such difficulties, a special reference literature has been created. The author of the dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language published in the 18th century is D.I. Fonvizin. But the work of this writer and playwright to work on a modern text should not be used. It is better to resort to the publication on which such an author of the dictionary of the Russian language, like Kozhevnikov, worked.
Other types of dictionaries
Dictionaries can also be terminological, phraseological, grammar. Such reference materials may consist solely of neologisms or foreign words. There are also very highly specialized dictionaries. For example, researchers whose work is dedicated to the work of Dostoevsky compiled a dictionary of the language of this writer. This book includes words and phraseological units, consisting of lexical units that are most often used by the author of Crime and Punishment.
As for translation dictionaries, each person who studies a foreign language should have several options in stock. And at a certain level, when a sufficient lexical base has already been accumulated, it is better to resort to the help of translation explanatory dictionaries more often.
Which of the publications you must have on the bookshelf? Who is the best author of the Russian language dictionary? It is difficult to answer these questions, because everyone selects the necessary reference books for themselves based on the type of activity. However, the dictionaries of Ozhegov and Ushakov must certainly be in the possession of a schoolchild, student or any person who speaks Russian.