The state is a complex structure that consists of many elements. The main is the population. After all, any country is a socio-political system, that is, its activity comes from society. It should be noted that the state system, which we are all used to seeing today, did not always exist. Initially, people lived in tribal communities, in other words, as a single tribe. However, in such a structure it is extremely difficult to regulate the activities of society and each of its specific representatives. Only the state system can best cope with this task, because it has an established mechanism of special authorities. This institution, in turn, has a large number of features. Its main advantage is the fact that the activities of people are best coordinated by public authorities. But the whole array of such departments should exist exclusively within the framework of a structured mechanism. In the Russian Federation, it is called a system of public authorities, which will be discussed later in the article.
Authority - concept
The regulation of social relations and society as a whole is carried out by law and the system of certain departments. The last category is called the “authority”. There are many definitions of this term. They contain information that is different in meaning. But almost all definitions are similar to each other in that the authority seems to be an institution of a state nature. That is, it is a certain structure that functions to implement the main tasks of a particular country.
Institute Signs
Of course, the authority is a political and legal institution. This indicates the presence of certain signs. Thus, the characteristic features of state authorities are the following, namely:
- Any organ of a country is a structure consisting of individual elements and, of course, people. Because they are the main implementers of his activities.
- All authorities own a certain part of the property of the state fund.
- The powers of a particular body characterize its social role, as well as the range of capabilities.
- The authority, as previously indicated, is a structural phenomenon. Moreover, his system in each case is unique. In other words, each department has a different hierarchy.
The presented signs are characteristic of all authorities without exception. Although in some cases specific features can be distinguished.
Government system
As mentioned earlier, the agencies entrusted with the functions of implementing the main tasks of the country are united in a single structure. A similar system of public authorities exists in all modern powers. Such an approach to the organization of departments allows us to ensure not only their hierarchical subordination to each other, but also the effectiveness of activities. After all, any assigned tasks in such a system will be carried out and controlled by it. It should be noted that the system of government, in many respects, exists thanks to the principle of separation of state administration, which was invented a very long time ago.
Principle of separation of powers
In ancient times, almost every state was controlled by one person and a group of people close to him. Of course, such an approach could not ensure the equality and fraternity of the entire population of such powers. Therefore, during the “new era”, thinkers such as John Locke and Charles-Louis de Montesquieu, developed, truly, an innovative principle of separation of powers.
According to this scientific theory, all public administration is divided between the legislative, executive and judicial branches. According to thinkers, this approach will not only eliminate the unity of command of the authorities, but also ensure the rule of law and equality of citizens. A great deal of time has passed since the invention of the principle. However, the system of government in almost all states is built on its basis to this day.
Basic principles of the structure of departments
It is no secret to anyone that any legal relationship in a particular state is based on certain principles that dominate it. As a rule, they are established by the constitution, that is, the basic law of the state. The principles of the system of government are numerous. In fact, in each state they are their own. But in many European countries the key provisions of the organ system are the same. The Russian Federation in this sense is no exception. Therefore, the activities of public authorities in our country are based on a number of key provisions.
- All structures and departments are single. This means that their activities are carried out for the people on the basis of their will, the Constitution and the legislation of our country.
- The entire system of government operates on the principle of dividing the sphere of government between the three branches described earlier.
- The target activity of all bodies is democracy, that is, serving the interests of society.
The powers of public authorities are determined by the principles presented. After all, they provide the initial "plot" of the activities of departments, and also show the breadth of their capabilities.
Types of government departments
All authorities can be classified according to completely different criteria. Therefore, today there are many species divisions, for example:
- According to the place in the general hierarchy, the highest, central and territorial authorities are distinguished.
- By the method of internal formation, there are elected bodies (State Duma), appointed on the basis of existing legislation and mixed, which incorporate the features of the first two types.
- If we take into account the peculiarities of the personnel, we can distinguish the sole bodies, an example of which is the President of Russia, and collective departments.
4) The territorial structure of many states determines the features of the system. Take, for example, Russia. Our country is a federation. In accordance with this, we can distinguish national bodies and bodies of state entities.
Separation classification
Of course, the main separation of all authorities is based on the provisions on the three branches of government. This means that, without exception, all departments are part of one of the groups, namely: legislative, executive or judicial. In fact, on the basis of such a principle, any state can be analyzed. Indeed, the powers of authorities in most cases depend on membership in a particular branch. Therefore, for a detailed review and study of the management system, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of each individual group.
Activities of the executive branch authorities
The form of government referred to in the article is independent and completely independent. The executive branch is responsible for the implementation of existing legislation. In fact, this branch directly regulates the life of society through public influence on it. At the same time, the functions of executive authorities exist and are implemented exclusively within the framework established by national regulatory acts. For example, in the Russian Federation, departments of this type are governed primarily by the constitution and other legislation.
In their activities , the executive authorities in most cases coordinate the society and satisfy its needs. But there is another side to their functioning. A large number of executive authorities provide law and order. These include the prosecutor's office, internal affairs agencies, security agencies and other departments.
Legislative bodies
Among all three branches, one of the main ones is the one on which the rulemaking function is entrusted. Today, parliament is the single and most classic legislative body of power in all states. He, in fact, is a symbol of the principle of separation of control. The structure of the parliament in each state is completely different. There are two types of legislative bodies: bicameral and unicameral. The former are found in federal countries, the others in unitary ones. At the same time, the rights of the legislative branch authorities are not limited solely to rule-making. Parliament also has some oversight powers. In certain countries, the legislature may be the highest court, but this, as we understand it, is an exception.
Judicial Offices
Justice has always played a great role. Indeed, in most cases the fate of people directly depends on this branch. The judiciary is represented by a whole system of separate bodies. They are empowered on behalf of the state to apply administrative or criminal measures to persons who implement offenses. In addition, the judiciary resolves disputes arising between individuals and legal entities. Each state has its own judicial system, which is built on separate principles and has characteristic features. In Russia, courts are independent and fully independent bodies.
Conclusion
So, we examined the concept of a system, the powers of public authorities, as well as their main types. It must be remembered that even taking into account all the points presented, which are common to many structures, the authorities in each state have their own unique features. This must be taken into account when studying the departments of a country.