The concept, structure of crime are the subject of study of many sciences. Within each discipline, a specific side of the phenomenon is analyzed. The ultimate goal of the study is to develop effective methods to combat crime. This is achieved by highlighting key areas, clearly formulating goals, drawing up programs for the implementation of activities, as well as improving law enforcement and preventive activities. For analysis, various sources of information are used, which reflect the state, structure, dynamics of crime . We will consider these elements in more detail below.
Relevance of the issue
Crime is a complex socio-legal historically volatile phenomenon. It is formed from the totality of acts committed in a certain period in a state, region or world. Crime includes various elements. Some of them reflect the quantitative characteristics of the phenomenon, others - qualitative. The latter, for example, include an indicator of the structure of crime . As mentioned above, the study of this phenomenon is carried out in the framework of various sciences. For example, criminal law gives the qualification of certain acts, the CPC determines the procedure and procedure for the investigation. Forensics explores methods for collecting evidence, solving a crime. Psychiatry and forensic medicine study the reaction and influence of the subject's condition on the crime. Sociology allows you to determine the place and role of the phenomenon and its components in public life. Legal statistics provides a record of violations and measures to eliminate them. The study of the phenomenon is multidimensional in nature.
Sources of information
The level, structure, dynamics of crime are the most important categories in the analysis. For their effective research, it is necessary to choose the right sources in which the relevant parameters are present. Information for analysis can be obtained:
- From statistical reports.
- Primary accounting cards.
- Socio-demographic, economic and other statistics.
- Summarizing materials of criminal cases and allegations of crimes.
- The results of socio-psychological research.
- Survey data of convicts.
- The results of observations and experiments.
Statistical Reports
The structure of crime in Russia is in the focus of law enforcement. The Ministry of Internal Affairs, the prosecutor's office and other institutes compile statistical reports on registered acts, persons who committed them. Similar activities are carried out by the courts and the judiciary. Their statistical reports provide information on the composition of convicts, the number of entities held accountable, and penalties.
Accounting cards
These documents reflect information about a specific crime and the citizen who committed it. An accounting card provides more information than a statistical report. The latter is formed on the basis of primary data. However, the statistical report contains about 30% of the information indicated on the card.
Generalizing materials
Criminal cases, documents, statements can be investigated selectively or in a continuous manner. The latter is relevant when the number of crimes is small. Selective study involves establishing the number of cases, determining the size of the sample. In any case, a material analysis should ensure representativeness. This requires quota sampling. Due to it, the shares of specific acts in the general structure of crime are revealed.
Other sources: characteristic
The level and structure of crime are analyzed according to departmental and state statistical materials. They, in particular, contain information about drug addicts, alcoholics, people who do not have a permanent place of residence. Such reports have collected information on various offenses. Indicators of socio-demographic, economic statistics are used in calculating crime rates.
Existing difficulties
Despite the rather impressive amount of sources, the structure and dynamics of crime in the statistical reports, accounting documents are not fully reflected. They are compiled on the basis of registration data on specific parties to the acts. In particular, the facts of criminal activity themselves, the persons who carry out it, the victims and the amount of damage are directly taken into account. Analysis of information and statistical data is extremely insufficient to determine the causes of the development of the phenomenon, the development of reasonable measures to combat it. This is due to the fact that not all crime is reflected in the statistics. There is also a latent, latent side of it. Statistics show only the number of identified entities who have violated the law, whose guilt has been proven. This total number is divided into 2 groups:
- Subjects exempted from liability in connection with non-rehabilitating circumstances as a result of sending materials to the KDN and so on.
- Citizens whose cases are sent to court. This category includes both acquitted and convicted persons, as well as persons whose criminal proceedings have been terminated or require further investigation.
State, structure of crime
As mentioned above, the assessment of the phenomenon under consideration is carried out according to qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The structure of crime is a parameter that reflects the proportion and ratio of different types of acts in their total number over a specific time period in a given territory. This value is a quantitative indicator. The main element of the analysis is the type of crime. The structure is determined by comparing different groups of acts, differentiated by criminological or legal criteria. As such signs, for example, are:
- Motivational and social orientation.
- Social group composition.
- The nature and degree of danger.
- Sustainability of criminal activity.
In accordance with these criteria, groups of acts are distinguished:
- Economic.
- Political.
- Organized.
- Ecological.
- Violent.
- Self-serving.
- Committed by officials.
- Corruption.
- Committed by the military.
- Careless.
- Committed by women.
- Intentionally.
- Committed by persons under 18 years of age.
Key parameters
The structure of crime is determined by the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of public danger, features that are important in the process of organizing preventive measures and differentiating the practice of using criminal legal means and measures. Key parameters include:
- The ratio of acts by their severity.
- Comparison of offenses according to the classification given in a special part of the criminal law.
- Shares of the most common violations.
- Correlation of crime groups according to the prevailing motivational orientation. In this sense, careless, self-serving and others are distinguished.
- The specific gravity in the structure of crime of acts committed by persons under 18 years of age.
- The share of group attacks. Within this category, the structure of organized crime is considered .
- Street attacks.
- Transnational acts.
- The price of crime.
- The proportion of acts caused by illegal arms trafficking.
- The proportion of relapses.
- The proportion of acts related to drug trafficking.
- The geography of crime. In particular, the distribution of acts by region, as well as the types of administrative-territorial units, is investigated.
Analysis
The structure of crime will be studied as deeply as the grounds for the investigation will be determined. Consider an example. Let's say the structure of juvenile delinquency is analyzed. If all acts of persons under 18 years of age are taken as 100%, then their share is determined in accordance with territorial prevalence, then it is possible to establish specific regions in which they are most common. Similarly, the structure of juvenile delinquency in a particular territory is analyzed. Taking actions for 100%, identify social and age groups that have maximum criminogenicity and, accordingly, commit a greater number of attacks. To determine the proportion of a particular kind, type or variety of crime, you need to use the following equation:
C = u: V x 100%, in which
- C is the proportion of acts;
- U - the value of a separate kind, type, variety of attacks on the territory for a specific period;
- V is the volume of all unlawful actions in a given area at the same time.
Nature of the phenomenon
It reflects the share of the most dangerous acts. This indicator also characterizes persons who commit crimes. On this basis, the degree of danger is determined in accordance with the share of encroachments of the categories “grave” and “especially grave”. The specific gravity is calculated by the equation:
D = u: V x 100%, in which
- D is the proportion of heavy assaults;
- u is the volume of such acts;
- V is a value reflecting the total number of serious crimes.
Geography
Equally important is the territorial distribution of crime in different regions. The geography of attacks is a spatio-temporal parameter. It is associated with the specifics of certain regions of the world, a specific country, its administrative units, the population, its structure and its distribution on the ground. The geographical distribution is also affected by the form of organization of the life of citizens, the conditions of their work and life, culture and leisure, national and historical traditions.
For example, if we analyze the statistics for the smallest and highest growth rates of recorded (registered) statements about incidents in a number of regions of Russia, it will clearly be noticeable that Mari El for several years has been at the top of the maximum crime rate. In contrast, according to the accounting authorities, the situation in Karachay-Cherkessia is more favorable. A special place in the territorial distribution is occupied by the structure and dynamics of crime. The geography of different groups of attacks on their share in the total amount of illegal acts or the rate of their increase / decrease allows us to establish significant changes in the criminological plan, as well as their causes.
Assessment of Temporary Changes
Crime dynamics - a parameter that reflects shifts in the structure of crime over a given period. It can be a term of one, three years, five, ten years and so on. The temporary changes to which the structure of crime is subjected is influenced by factors combined in two groups. The first is formed by the conditions and reasons for the assault, the demographic composition of the population and other social phenomena and processes. The second group contains changes in the criminal law, due to which the scope of the illegal and punishable is expanded or narrowed, and the qualification and classification of offenses are adjusted.
Statistical picture
In the analysis, the differentiation of legal and social factors is of particular importance. Such a separation is necessary to obtain a realistic assessment of the ongoing changes in crime dynamics and forecast. The increase or decrease in criminogenicity is due to different circumstances. The dynamics are affected by social changes in the structure and level of crime, and legal adjustments in the legislative characteristics of the offenses. The statistical picture is also associated with the effectiveness of measures aimed at the timely identification and registration of acts, their disclosure and identification of the perpetrators, ensuring the inevitability of punishment.
Rates of growth
They are calculated in accordance with the basic parameters of the dynamics. Information for several years is compared with a constant value. It is the volume of crime in the initial period. Such a technique makes it possible to ensure the comparability of relative parameters - percent, reflecting the ratio of the situation of subsequent time periods to previous ones. For 100%, the indicators of the source year are accepted. All subsequent periods show only the percentage of growth. The use of relative data eliminates the question of the relationship between the growth or decrease in the population that has reached the age at which criminal sanction is allowed. The increase in crime is expressed as a percentage and has a "+" sign, the decrease - "-".
Intensity
This characteristic is expressed in the number of committed assaults and their participants in relation to a certain population (by 10 or 100 thousand citizens, for example). The intensity indicates the level of crime and criminal activity of the subjects. The analysis should take into account a number of nuances. First of all, you need to take into account that taking into account the total population cannot be considered absolutely correct. This is due to the fact that in this case, the total crime rate will be leveled at the expense of citizens who have not yet reached the age at which criminal penalties can be applied to them, as well as subjects over 60 years of age. The latter, as practice shows, are not distinguished by special criminogenic activity. Accordingly, these categories of citizens should be excluded from the calculation. The coefficient determined on the basis of the population is considered not only more objective, but also comparable. It allows you to compare crime in different states, regions, settlements. This coefficient is an objective parameter. It contributes to a more impartial assessment of the dynamics of the level determined by the number of citizens.
Organized Crime Structure
Group attacks belong to the category of complex and multi-level acts. A. I. Dolgova was proposed to distinguish three different levels of such crime:
- Lower. At this level, although the act is carried out by an organized association of persons, with all its cohesion, it lacks a complex structure. The group does not have a clear distribution of the functions of managers and performers.
- The second level is characterized by hierarchical construction of a number of groups, in some cases their conglomerate is formed. A distinctive feature of such an association is that it actively invades public institutions and uses them for criminal purposes.
- At the third level, a criminal environment is created. Group leaders come together in communities. At this stage, the separation of leadership functions from traditional and direct complicity in the commission of a specific act ends. Leaders in this situation usually do not participate in crimes. They develop a common line of conduct, strategy and provide mutual support.
Elements of the structure can be represented as a combination of its links: organizational and managerial, auxiliary and executive.
Prerequisites for increasing criminogenicity
Over the past few years, the structure of violent crime has attracted particular attention of law enforcement agencies. Some experts are of the opinion that the origins of such assaults lie mainly in the inequality of the position of certain individuals and their groups in the social system. According to experts, this is precisely what causes extremism and acts of violence. The growth of such attacks is due to:
- A significant deterioration in the situation in society.
- Interrupted for some reason, social mobility.
The deterioration of the situation in society leads to a gap between desires and real opportunities, to an increase in the negative among the masses. This, in turn, forms the basis for an increase in the number of criminogenic conflicts that are resolved by violent means.
Conclusion
Public danger for many citizens is one of the most significant threats. Under the influence of fear, many experience weakness and disbelief in their strengths. Panic demoralizes a person, makes him unable to resist problems. The criminal environment that exists today is still tense. This is largely due to the fact that the level of crime is influenced by the existing contradictions in society.
There is a fairly established opinion in the literature that negative conditions in society are those negative prerequisites with which the growth of criminogenicity is associated. Opponents of this statement, in turn, speak out for the fact that external factors cannot independently generate crime. Accordingly, social conditions are not its causes.External factors can only contribute to the commission of acts. Such a conclusion seems preferable to a specific assault.
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