What is a device for reinforced concrete foundations? To begin with, what is meant by it is the support of any building, its bearing part, the main foundation of the entire building.
It is only necessary to start laying any foundation immediately after the choice of the future location of the house has been made accurately, there is an approved project for the future structure, as well as a ready-made version of the location of various rooms in the house, materials and the type of foundation itself have been made.
Where to begin?
It is the reliability and functionality of the foundation that determines the basic technical qualities of the future building, durability.
It is important to consider that for the construction of a high-quality and durable foundation, approximately 15-20% of the total cost of the entire house will be required.
You also need to remember that it is impossible to make mistakes when installing the foundation, otherwise the structure may simply come down some time after its erection from the piles.
Varieties
The reinforced concrete foundation is considered in the construction of one of the most popular structures. Durability, significant operational life - all these are its distinctive characteristics.
The installation of a reinforced concrete foundation involves a long technological process for reinforcing concrete. As a result, concrete slabs having increased strength appear. They are filled with reinforcing cage, the main function of which is to reinforce the reinforced concrete foundation. In addition, it protects the structure from premature destruction.
Depending on the construction option, currently there are two types of reinforced concrete foundations:
- monolithic;
- prefabricated.
The first involves flooding at a construction site, is a one-piece construction. Prefabricated options contain several parts, fixed together by cement mortar. Installation of reinforced concrete foundations is carried out from concrete slabs of various calibers in the factory.
Structural Comparison
Let us analyze the distinctive features of different types of structures. What is the difference between these types of reinforced concrete foundations? Prefabricated structures are built in the shortest possible time, but it is impossible to assemble and produce them yourself, you will need the help of special equipment and a team of workers. The weight of one block is 0.3-1.5 tons, so it is difficult to imagine that one person can handle the block.
Given the specifics of the work, the reinforced concrete foundation will cost about 50% more expensive than the monolithic option.
Tape prefabricated version of the foundation is used for the construction of massive buildings. The main task of the builder will be the performance of work in one season. Such a base is suitable for quick construction. What are the benefits of a precast foundation? Reinforced concrete frame of this type is of high quality, so the standards of GOST are used in its manufacture.
From a technical point of view, monolithic species are of interest, since they are characterized by a solid surface. Any seams that are in the design, significantly reduce the strength.
How to make calculations?
To do this, you need to calculate the total weight of the planned structure: payload, walls, floors. The installation of reinforced concrete foundations involves the accounting of furniture, heating and household equipment, seasonal and snow loads, depending on the climatic characteristics of the region. Next, calculate the specific pressure on the soil of the building being created. It is important to calculate the geometric dimensions of the created base. Size adjustment is done by fitting to the requirements according to the pressure on the soil obtained as a result of the calculations.
The calculation of the reinforced concrete foundation involves the summation of certain loads:
- useful;
- structural elements;
- snow.
The weight of the individual elements is calculated according to the following algorithm:
- Measure the linear dimensions of project components.
- Calculate their volume.
- Calculate the proportion of building materials that are used for construction work.
- The weight of each fragment of the building is determined.
- The total weight of the structure is calculated, under which the reinforced concrete foundation is selected. Sizes can be determined by ready-made formulas. As the main requirement for such a base, we note the prevalence of soil resistance to the load on it.
Important points when creating a foundation
Depending on the type of soil during construction, different depths are used to form the foundation.
In any case, when laying the foundation, it is necessary that the foundation is located above the possible level of partial or complete freezing of the soil. This will provide an opportunity to protect the foundation base from excessive moisture, therefore, will increase its operational characteristics. It is important to consider the approximate service life of different options for foundations.
For example, they can have the following meanings:
- strip foundations made on cement mortar have a service life of 150 years;
- rubble or concrete pillars are suitable for only 30-50 years;
- wooden chairs have a lifespan of only 10 years.
Foundation in winter
Is it possible to create durable structures for reinforced concrete foundations in cold winters? Only professionals can solve such a difficult task. Earlier, the construction of the foundation in the winter was considered almost impossible, but now it has become an entirely acceptable process.
In the modern construction market, innovative technologies are used to build the foundation with excellent indicators of reliability and quality, even in winter. Reinforcement of the reinforced concrete foundation is a great way to cope with the task.
Of course, the warm season is ideal for construction. In terms of time it will be much easier and faster to build a foundation for a future residential or industrial building, for example, in the spring or autumn period.
During seasonal work, a much smaller amount of expensive building materials will be required, and the load on the team of workers will be less, and the process will be much faster. But when you need to make a foundation with a rather frozen ground, it is important to follow certain rules. It’s important not to panic. Professional builders will help to make even in such weather conditions a high-quality reinforced concrete foundation.
You need to start with the preparation of the pit for the future foundation. When building houses, the most commonly used option is the strip foundation, and for its installation you need to dig a pit.
When pouring concrete, heating can be used, which will make it possible to exclude freezing of concrete, as well as its too quick hardening process. Additional special additives are added to the cement, which can withstand even very low temperatures.
The foundation is also reinforced with a reinforced concrete cage. Builders are trying to make the most of ready-made structures for the construction of the foundation.
For example, concrete blocks are placed, which are made at a cement plant. These blocks are placed in the excavation pit; liquid concrete mortar is used in minimal quantities. There are many more different options to make a foundation in low temperature conditions.
Foundation options in modern construction
How to choose reinforced concrete foundations? The series depends on the performance of the building. Among the widespread options for the foundation, it is possible to note the strip foundation. If a team of builders, offering their services for the construction of the foundation, asks for a small amount of money, it is worth considering, and even alert. A quality foundation cannot be inexpensive, because up to 25% of all costs associated with the construction of a new residential building can be spent on its construction.
It is the foundation that is the most important element of any structure, including a residential private house. The quality and reliability of the foundation will directly depend on the duration of the service life of the building itself, as well as the comfort of using this building.
For the construction of a reinforced concrete foundation, it is advisable to invite real professionals without saving their material resources at this stage of construction. It is the foundation that will determine both the material for the walls and the roof structure, and not vice versa. In this connection, when thinking about the foundation option, it is important to think over the project of the house, to calculate the force with which the walls and roof will press on the base.
If the construction is carried out without full preliminary calculations, after the construction of the house, he can simply "go underground." It should also be noted that the condition of the soil on this land will also have an impact on the choice of foundation for a new house.
Soil analysis
At the beginning of the construction of a new house, substantial attention must be paid to the foundation. It will be he who will determine the whole future fate of the residential building being built. Before starting work directly related to the construction of the foundation, it is necessary to analyze the condition of the soil.
Quite often, the soil is so soft that it is not able to withstand the foundation being built. We have to dig a fairly deep pit in order to get what we want. That is why foundation work becomes a very expensive pleasure for the budget of this customer. Therefore, professional builders are trying to choose a simpler and less expensive option for the foundation. For example, with loose soil, a pile foundation can be erected. To create it, take piles that have the shape of pillars, their length reaches 7.5 m.
To get the necessary margin of safety for the foundation being built for the house, you should hammer in about two dozen of such piles. Some builders recommend installing them in pairs, making a distance of about 1.5 meters between them. Pairs of piles can be placed at a distance of 4.5 meters. They are placed under the bearing walls, as well as all the corners of the building, that is, in those places where the maximum load is from the side of the walls.
Piling tips
When creating a pile foundation, it is important to qualitatively carry out the drilling itself, and then cut off all excesses with a saw, doing this at approximately the level of the existing soil. Then a trench breaks out by an excavator near each pair. Then, a reinforced concrete grillage is installed over each pile pair.
Experienced builders lay such a reinforced concrete grillage on top of pillars, or rather fill it. It makes it possible to completely protect the poles from possible damage, as well as the appearance of splits, cracks arising from the exerted loads.
In addition, grillages help protect piles from rotting processes. They are reinforced with reinforcing bars horizontally and vertically. If you do not pay due attention to the process of creating the foundation, you can subsequently regret it very much.
Foundation construction
There are several different types of foundations that differ in their reliability, economic component, as well as in the load that they can withstand during their direct operation.
In the case of the construction of any light buildings, for example, baths, outbuildings, the most optimal option is to create a columnar foundation. It is important to consider that in such cases, the diameter of the column should be in the range of 200-250 mm, the reinforcement process is 8-10 mm, concrete of the M300 grade is used as the main material for such a foundation.
You also need high-quality sand preparation, which is at least 200 mm. It is necessary to observe a certain depth of laying the entire main sole, and, starting from the soil surface, should be approximately 1500 mm.
The optimum distance that is allowed between the installed poles is allowed at 2 m. Be sure to put on each pillar high-quality waterproofing made of two layers of roofing material. In order to carry out the release of reinforcement, you need to lay the lower strapping of the structure.
In the case of the construction of houses, if there is no project for the basement of the building, the creation of a strip foundation is recommended. The installation of this option is interesting from the point of view of material costs. Tape options for foundations are presented in two types: monolithic or prefabricated from various reinforced concrete structures.
If there is a significant slope, either with a difficult terrain, or if the groundwater level is high enough, experts recommend the installation of a pile and strip foundation.
In this case, the pile elements are necessarily deepened to the maximum depth of possible freezing of the existing soil, and then tapes are additionally installed at the corners of the perimeter, moreover, directly under the supporting main walls.
It is important that there are at least one such tape on each side around the entire perimeter of the building, although not counting the corner elements.
This option of foundation is perfect for the construction of a wide variety of options for houses: Canadian, timber, frame buildings, log houses, glued beams, foam concrete. The final result depends on the correct selection of the foundation - the strength and reliability of a residential building or industrial structure.