An important attribute of the interior of a two-story house is a staircase. Many owners of cottages and cottages decide to make a similar object with their own hands. In this case, the mandatory step will be the design of the stairs. It must be correctly calculated. There are certain requirements that are put forward for such objects. This is necessary for the safe operation of the structure. How to calculate the stairs will be discussed in detail below.
Design features
How to calculate the stairs to the second floor? This question is faced by all the masters who first produce such an object. This is a responsible event. The comfort and safety of moving along the steps, durability, and aesthetics of the design will depend on the correctness of the calculations. In this case, take into account the interior indoors.
There are several common staircase designs. Their calculation is carried out in accordance with certain requirements of the standards. Before starting the design, it will be necessary to study what elements the structure consists of, which of them are mandatory, and which are secondary.
It is also important to properly design the building. It should harmoniously complement the interior. In some cases, you need to create a staircase with a turn. In other rooms, you can do with the simplest design. How to calculate a staircase with or without a turn? There are generally accepted standards. They must be considered in detail before starting work.
Mandatory Elements
When studying how to calculate the size of the elements of a wooden staircase, you need to consider which of them are mandatory and which are secondary. In the first case, similar components are present in any design. Minor elements are needed either for a certain type of structure, or to give it a certain appearance.
In any design of the type presented, there are steps and supports. To the materials from which they are made, put forward increased requirements. Steps consist of treads (horizontal plane) and risers (vertical plane). Not a single construction is complete without the first part. Risers are not always used. They provide only additional support for the treads.
The support for the flight of stairs is made in the form of a bowstring or kosour. The second variety supports the bottom steps. The bowstring provides the same function, but only from the ends. Stairs on the roofs are supported by special fasteners. These are durable screws that screw into the wall and the end of each step. The screw structure rests on a stand. This is an essential element for this kind of stairs.
Additional items
Considering the features of the process, how to calculate the stairs to the second floor, you need to pay attention to additional structural elements. So, if it is built between two walls, the railing and supports for them (balusters) are considered similar components. In other cases, the presence of such components is mandatory.
Railings are needed so that a person can confidently climb and descend the stairs. Balusters support them. Moreover, this design performs the function of the fence. This prevents a person from falling from a height. According to safety rules, if a staircase is not built between two walls, railings and balusters are mandatory in this case.
An additional element is the platform between the two flights of stairs. It is created in certain cases. Sometimes the room does not allow you to create a structure that would meet all the requirements. In this case, the use of one or more spans can solve this problem.
March requirements
One of the simple types of structures is the flight of stairs, it consists of one or more spans with steps that are mounted on a bowstring or braces. The design takes up a lot of free space in the room.
One march must contain at least 3 steps. Moreover, their maximum number is 16 pieces. If the height of the room is large, you will need to provide for one vertical span in the center of the structure. The slope angle of such structures should be 30-55º. If this requirement cannot be met in a particular room, create a turntable. It will allow you to break the structure into several marches, making the slope flat.
There is a certain technique for calculating a staircase with a turn or just a horizontal span. Its value should be equal to the multiplicity of the average step of a person (50 cm).
When choosing materials, most often the owners of private houses prefer wood. The thickness of the boards for the supports should be 6-7 cm. If a metal profile is used, it must withstand significant loads. The staircase can withstand a load of about 350 kg / m². Based on this, materials for construction are selected.
Comfort and safety
When considering how to calculate a staircase, you need to pay attention to the fact that such an object should be primarily safe and comfortable in operation. Only after fulfilling these requirements can you pay attention to design.
The staircase necessarily has a railing. They should be located at a height of 80-90 cm from the surface of the steps. The distance between balusters can be 25-30 cm. If there are small children in the house, this figure decreases to 9-15 cm.
The number of steps should be such that a person begins to move with one leg, and ends with the other. This rule increases the comfort of using the facility. Also, all steps should be the same size. Otherwise, a person may stumble and fall. The leg muscles remember how high the leg was raised before. If the next step is higher, you can stumble. The surface cannot be slippery.
Steps
There are special requirements on how to calculate the height of the stairs. If they are too tall, this design will make it difficult for people aged and children to move around. Too many small steps are tiring. The rise will seem endless. The optimal value is the height of the steps 10-15 cm. Based on this indicator, their number will be calculated.
You also need to create steps of the correct width. It should not be less than 20 cm. It is better that the tread is 25-30 cm wide. The foot of an adult should stand on this plane completely. It is unacceptable that the toe rested on the risers of the next step, and the heel was in the air. Focusing only on socks causes discomfort and is unsafe.
Span dimensions
There are some more recommendations how to calculate a ladder. The span width should be at least 80 cm. It is better if this value is increased to 100 cm or even 120 cm. The area between the spans should be 50 cm. If it is turning, you need to draw a center of rotation. A circle is drawn from it. Its radius is the average length from the edge to the center of the steps (for example, 60 cm, if the span has a width of 120 cm). The circumference that will be between the first and second span with steps should be a multiple of 50 cm.
Calculation of the stairs
How to calculate the degree of the stairs, its climb and the number of steps? First you need to measure the room. Next, on paper draw his plan indicating the exact dimensions. First draw a line from the upper floor beam to the floor. Further from the point at which this line connects to the floor, lay the distance to the end of the room or zone in which the structure will be located. An angle of 90º is obtained between these lines.
Next, draw an inclined plane from the edge of the horizontal line to the edge of the vertical line. It turns out a right triangle. Next, you need to measure on the plan the angle of inclination of the hypotenuse of the triangle. It should be 30-55º. If it is smaller, you need to shorten the bottom line. If the slope is steeper, create a design with turntables.
Next, determine the number of steps. It is necessary to divide the height of the room by the height of the riser (10-15 cm). Next, the steps are applied to the plan. After that, it will be possible to work out every detail of the stairs, make them yourself.
Spiral staircase
There are several features how to calculate the spiral staircase steps. At its center is a stand. They will be attached to it with the narrow end of the step. To the periphery, they will expand significantly.
In the center, the tread should be at least 20 cm. At the same time, near the rack it can taper to almost 5 cm. From the outside, such a tread will have a width of at least 42 cm. This is a prerequisite for creating screw structures.
The height of the steps should be 10-15 cm. In this design, it is extremely important to make steps with a large number of balusters. They should be located at a distance of about 15 cm from each other. These are simple requirements that will allow you to create a comfortable and safe design.
Having considered how to calculate the stairs, each master will be able to create such an object correctly with his own hands. It will be durable, safe and comfortable to use.