Wiring an electrician who is just starting his career is a real headache. Such work requires a competent approach, the wiring diagram should be developed and thought out in advance to ensure maximum convenience for the residents of the premises. It is with the laying of an electric cable that the overhaul of the home begins.
Electrical cable routing in the living room
Installation of electricians in the house begins with laying wires in the walls, then they should be closed under a thick layer of putty. At the final stage, the walls are papered. Inside, the electrical wires will rest for several decades, therefore, before installing the wiring, you should correctly design the electrical circuit.
Beginning of work
Replacing or laying from scratch electrical wires always begins with the development of a plan that takes into account the location of sockets, switches and lighting devices. For this we need:
- paper;
- ruler;
- a pen;
- colour pencils.
On paper, you should draw up a general plan of the room, indicate the location of doorways and windows. Then it is necessary to think over on the scheme where the furniture will be located in the repaired room, and indicate this on the plan. After such a simple action, it will be easier to understand where it is necessary to install sockets for household appliances. It is also necessary to indicate on the floor plan the location of chandeliers, switches and other lighting devices.
Indoor and outdoor wiring
What is hidden wiring? Such installation of electricians in a private house or apartment is carried out in voids, channels, gates. After that, the wires are hidden under a layer of plaster. If the materials in contact with them are highly combustible, then the cables must be in a protective metal pipe, which in case of an emergency can localize a fire.
The external type of wiring is mounted along the wall. Wires are fastened with special fasteners or are located inside cable ducts, in corrugation or metal hose.
Modern three-wire power grid
According to electrical safety rules, all wiring in a residential building must be three-wire, consisting of phase (L), zero (N) and ground (PE). Wires may only be used with copper conductors. If the old house has not been overhauled for a long time, then it is likely that an outdated two-wire aluminum wiring was carried out in it . The old cable should be pulled out of the channels in the wall, then mount a new modern power supply system.
Cable Management Tools List
To work on the installation of electricians, we need the following tools and materials:
- Corrugated pipe that protects the cable from damage, and the room from fire in the event of a short circuit.
- The cable is electric.
- Boxes for branching the cable.
- Roulette.
- Putty.
- Sockets and switches.
- Level and rule for leveling the walls after laying the wire.
- Stroborez.
- Hammer drill.
- Hammer.
- Bit.
- Nippers or knife for removing the protective coating from the cable.
- Crosshead screwdriver.
- Voltage indicator.
Work safety
When installing electricians in an apartment or private house, safety precautions should be observed. First, do not connect the cable to the network while working with it. Secondly, it is necessary to put on protective devices:
- Glasses to protect the eyes during strobing walls.
- Respirator.
- Rubber gloves for protection against electric shock.
Rules for laying wires in the room
Gates can only be done horizontally or vertically. If the wall or partition has a thickness of less than 100 mm, it is forbidden to make vertical strobes closer than 200 mm from the edge of the wall. The distance between the channels for the wires on one wall should exceed 1500 mm. Corrugation should be chosen with a diameter such that it is several times the diameter of the cable.
Wall marking for gating
Taking a pencil, draw the places where you plan to install sockets, switches and junction boxes. Then you should identify the places where the strobes will be made, while it is better to use a level to accurately draw lines horizontally and vertically.
Wall drilling
Using a hammer drill with a special nozzle, make recesses for sockets and switches, as well as holes for installing junction boxes.
Preparing walls for laying wiring
Between the recesses under the sockets and switches, make channels using a wall chaser. Such holes should be made so that the corrugated pipe easily fits completely into the groove. The wiring must not protrude beyond the groove. After working with a power tool, recesses should be made using a chisel and a hammer. Be sure to remove any dust from the walls and floor before the next operation.
Wiring
Lay the corrugation with the wires inside in the prepared strobes, and then putty the walls and align them with the rule. Then you need to start installing the branching boxes.
Before you start, be sure to remove the top cover. Such material is fixed in the wall with a small amount of putty. After the box is firmly held in the wall, insert the tubes into it and secure them with nails driven in at an angle.
During the operation of the building, an open circuit may occur in the indoor wiring. If during installation of the wiring the junction boxes were not used, it will be much more difficult to find a break. If they were installed, then the damaged wire is easy to calculate and replace with a working one. In this case, you do not need to peel off the wallpaper and break the walls again.
Puttying holes
After successfully installing electricians in a private house or apartment, proceed to puttying the walls. After the necessary amount of building material has been applied, the holes are smeared, remove excess mortar with a trowel and level the wall with the rule. Check the work done by attaching a level to the wall.
Connection options for wires in the junction box
During the installation of electricians in a cottage or any other building, it is required to twist the wires with each other in accordance with the uniform rules of the PUE. There are only 3 types of cable connections:
- Using terminal blocks. This is the most preferred option, since such devices are small in size, they can easily fit into a small box for the distribution of wires.
- Connection of electrical wires using the soldering method. This method is used by professionals of the old school. To solder the wires together, you need to have sufficient experience in carrying out such a procedure.
- Crimping is the most reliable method. However, this is a time-consuming process that will require skills and knowledge from an electrician. You will also need a special tool called “press tongs”, and additional materials: a sleeve of conductive metal (usually copper or aluminum), as well as a heat shrink tube. To connect the wires using this method, it is necessary to insert the stripped cables into the sleeve on both sides to the end, and then crimp them from the outside with pliers. Before crimping, it is necessary to attach a special protective tube to one of the wires. After the crimping process, you need to slide the tube onto the sleeve, then heat it to the desired temperature so that heat shrinkage occurs.
Protection against electric shock in the house
During the installation of electricians in the room, in addition to automatic machines, it is necessary to think about installing an RCD fire-prevention device with a leakage current of 100 mA. In rooms with a high amount of moisture (bathroom, kitchen), it is necessary to install an RCD with a leakage current of up to 30 mA.
During works related to electricity in residential premises, only high-quality wires should be used, for example, VVGng cable and its modifications.