Today, many owners of private houses and apartments need to replace wiring. An increase in the number of electrical appliances in our homes, an increase in their capacity, necessitates the use of special communications. The wire should be fixed to the wall in accordance with the established rules and regulations. If you do not adhere to such requirements, the system will not be safe. Short circuit and fire may occur. Therefore, it is worth considering in detail how to create the right mount.
General requirements
Fastening the wire can be done using different techniques. The choice depends on many factors. This is affected by the type of support, the material from which it is made. It is also worth considering that there is an open and hidden wiring in the walls. For each variety, special rules and regulations have been developed that allow you to perform all the actions correctly. In this case, the system will be functional and safe.
Regardless of whether the cable will be laid on the street or in the house, open or closed, there are a number of general rules. They must be taken into account in the process.
The wire is fastened to the wall, ceiling, pole, cable or other surfaces by means of special fasteners designed for such work. The optimum distance between the clamps is from 40 to 50 cm. If dowels, screws or screws are used during operation, they must be tightened to the stop. Do not leave the hat on the surface. It may damage the insulation of the wire.
The cable must be laid evenly. There should be no humps on the line. If the turn of the route is carried out, it must be performed at an angle of 90º. In this case, you can increase the number of fasteners in this area. So the fixation will be reliable and durable. Sagging wires should be avoided.
Surface type
The fastening of the wires to the house, internal surfaces or other objects is selected in accordance with the base material. It can have a different density. The choice of fasteners depends on this. Surfaces can be as follows:
- Dense. These materials include wood and plaster. To fix the wires on a similar surface, self-tapping screws or nails are quite suitable. In some materials, for example, chipboard, it will be necessary to pre-drill recesses with a diameter slightly smaller than a self-tapping screw.
- Solid. This group of materials includes brick, concrete, cement screed, etc. For such surfaces, dowel nails are suitable. The plastic cap is driven into a hole previously prepared on the surface. Next, a metal rod is driven into it. A plate is installed on it, to which the wire is fixed.
- Thin and soft. This can be aerated concrete, fiberboard, plastic, drywall or SIP panels. The wire is fastened using special clamps with an expanded lower part. This allows you to create a large reference area. As a result, the latch will not fall out of such material. Such fasteners are called “umbrellas,” “butterflies,” etc.
If the walls are very thin, you need special fasteners. It can be purchased at specialized stores.
Clips
Considering the methods of fastening wires, you should pay attention to the most common options for clamps. One of them are clips. With their help, you can install the cable on the surface of the ceiling, walls, etc. At the same time, the attachment points look neat, almost imperceptible. Such fasteners are used for open installation of the wire.
The shape of the clips is different. Such products may be plastic or metal. The second option is more common. After installing the cable, the metal clips can be painted in the same color as the base. So they look inconspicuous. Plastic clips are suitable for fixing corrugated plastic channels in which the cable is laid.
The simplest design is made in the form of a handle with holes for self-tapping screws on both sides. There are clips that can withstand the fire gap. This option is suitable for laying tracks on flammable surfaces.
The clips can also be made in the form of a strip of metal. To install it, you need to insert the cable inside, and then install the system on the surface.
Clips are inexpensive fasteners that have high functionality. However, when installing a large number of wires, such clamps are inconvenient. At the same time, screws must be screwed in from the installation. This procedure is time consuming.
Dowel
Fastening the wire to the wall or ceiling is possible using special dowels. They can have a different configuration. Depending on the top of the product, there are:
- dowel clips;
- with a platform for the dowel;
- the expansion bolt shield couplers.
The first of these options is the most inconspicuous. The appearance of the outer part of the dowel resembles a curved strip, which has specific branches at the end. It is necessary to select the dowel clips in accordance with the shape of the cable (flat or round), as well as the size of the cross section of the wire. For installation, you will need to drill a hole in the base. Then a wire is inserted into the clip, and its legs are driven into the prepared recess.
The expansion bolt shield allows fastening to be carried out. This option is suitable for both open and closed installation. It is made of non-combustible materials. At the end of the dowel there is an ordinary plastic screed.
Mounting with a platform for the dowel is an improved dowel-tie. Their top is identical. The mounting with the platform has the ability to put on the upper part after installing the dowel in the prepared hole.
Other options
The fastening of the wire to dense surfaces (wood, plaster) can be carried out using clips with a metal nail. They look like a plate with a hole for the wire. A nail is installed on one side of it. It is driven into the material to fix the wire. This is a quick and secure mount.
You can fix the wire to a wooden surface using a stapler with U-shaped staples. This mounting option will be less noticeable if you use latches with long legs and a rounded back. Also on sale are special brackets for the stapler, which have plastic stops. Such clamps will not transmit the cable if a large force is installed on the device.
The use of a stapler allows you to quickly mount the track. However, this method is not suitable for hard, thin or soft surfaces. Fasteners are hardly noticeable. In an hour you can lay a significant section of the route. If you need to dismantle the cable, very small, almost invisible holes will remain in the base.
It is worth considering that the use of a stapler is suitable for installing small communications. The maximum width of the staple can be 12.5 mm. Therefore, a similar method is most often used for mounting a telephone or Internet cable. If you need to install a wire of type VVG, this method will not work.
Fixing to the support
It is not always possible to fix the wire on a flat surface of a wall or ceiling. Sometimes it is necessary to fasten a wire to a pole, pipe or overhead line (OHL) or cable. In this case, special techniques are used.
If you want to fix the cable on a reinforced concrete pillar, use plastic ties. They are painted black. These are long strips that allow you to tighten one end into the latch on the other side. The service life of such products is 5 years.
Fastening the wires to the supports can be done using special clamps. However, they will need to drill holes, which is not always convenient. If the pole already has a round ground wire with a cross section of at least 5-6 mm, the cable is attached to it with plastic ties.
Sometimes communications are carried out inside metal (special) pipes. If it is street wiring, the cable has high rigidity. Therefore, it can be passed through the entire maze. Communications will be held securely inside the pipe. It is closed with a cork above and below. It is made of foam. This will additionally fix the wire. It will not press against the edges of the pipe. To avoid wire movements, it is fixed at the exit to the wall of the house.
Cable fixing
The fastening of wires to the overhead line deserves special attention. Such lines are usually made of special cables. You can attach the cable to them using metal or plastic suspensions. Such latches consist of two parts. The first one has a hole for the cable. It is relatively small. The second part of the suspension has a hole for laying wires. Its diameter is quite large.
You need to choose the right suspensions. Their cost differs depending on the material from which such clamps are made. Metal suspensions are more durable. However, they are mounted a little longer. To do this, you need to tighten the screws. If you want to lay a route from a cable along a cable, which has a short duration, it is better to choose metal suspensions. They are more reliable. The cost of metal clips is higher than plastic ones. However, such an acquisition pays off during operation.
Plastic hangers are mounted faster. If you need to lay a long track, it is better to choose them. These clamps are simply tightened. However, the term of operation is not more than 5 years.
Features of fixing to VL insulators
For overhead lines, wires are mounted on the insulator. This is quite a responsible job. You need to have certain skills. If it is required to attach steel wires to the insulators, soft galvanized wire made of steel, aluminum or their alloy is used for fixing.
For self-supporting SIP wires, fixation to insulators is carried out using special knitting. It is made of spring wire, the surface of which is coated with polymer. There are established standards for fixing such elements of external wiring.
If you want to fix the wire on the insulator in a straight section of the route, fastening is performed on its head or neck. For angular supports, it is possible to mount only on the neck. In places where anchor supports are installed or the overhead line crosses obstacles (for example, railways or communication lines), it is necessary to create a particularly strong fixation. Here they create a single or double wire fastening. There are various options for such a fixation:
- single reinforced mount;
- double end fixation;
- one and a half anchor fastening of wires;
- single angular fixation;
- double corner mount.
Choosing the right option can only be done by an experienced, qualified electrician.
Flush Trays
If you want to lay a large number of wires under the ceiling or in the floor, special metal trays are used. This avoids the procedure for drilling a large number of holes in the base. Trays are made of perforated metal or special wire.
The presented products may have different sizes. They are fixed with studs that are attached to the ceiling, or suspensions. The latter may be in the form of the letter "T" or "G". First you need to install the tray on the ceiling. Next, a wire is laid in it. Perforated trays are suitable for non-combustible surfaces, and metal non-perforated boxes are suitable for combustible materials.
Perforated metal boxes are suitable for laying communications in the thickness of the floor. Such designs can protect the wires from rodents.
Fixing hidden and open communications
If you plan to create covert wiring, you should pay attention not to the aesthetics of the fasteners, but to their safety and reliability. For these purposes, screeds of any configuration are suitable. They can be fixed with a dowel or other suitable means. Clips are also suitable for this. Fasteners can also be homemade.
You can make strobes in the walls or flooring. Next, they lay the cable in plastic corrugated channels. They are fixed with a mortar. If the wall material is combustible, special trays must be used.
If you want to mount open wiring, you can use special cable channels. The wires in this case can pass in plastic boxes directly along the finish of the wall. You can hide the unseemly communications inside special skirting boards.
Having considered the options for fastening the wire, you can choose the appropriate variety. The clamps in this case will be durable, reliable and aesthetic. The choice of mounting method is influenced by the installation features of the wire, the base material, the method of laying communications.